成人高等教育英語教材4 05

[00:00.00] UNIT 5
[00:04.18]A Manager Is Wanted
[00:09.25]Integrated Skills Development
[00:14.71]Passage managers in Need
[00:22.07]There has been an impressive during the first 30 years after the end of World War II.
[00:32.52]Those three decades saw an unprecedented growth in the demand
[00:38.90]for management and professional staff in Britain.
[00:43.65]This demand sent the education system into top gear.
[00:50.18]Therefore nearly every pupil capable of reaching the standard
[00:56.63]for higher education could be assured of a place at university.
[01:03.40]It was this demand that ensured employment and promotion
[01:09.36]for virtuall every person who could be engaged in a management careet.
[01:16.12]Management itself was coming of age,too.
[01:23.17]or-ganizations rapidly expanded the employment of spe-cialist professional
[01:30.54]and managerial staff,
[01:34.41]often setting up completely new functions according to the man-agement theorists.
[01:41.67]No longer was management merely a branch of another role;
[01:48.33]say,a work man-ager in charge of production,
[01:53.68]or an accountant with a small army of clerks.
[01:58.73]Instead,there was a carefully graded rank of junior
[02:05.07]and middle managers—not to mention all the service departments.
[02:12.02]Technology also took a hand.
[02:17.48]New technologies brought about new skills.
[02:23.05]Computers replaced cleri-cal jobs with large numbers of technical
[02:29.32]and managerial posts.
[02:32.97]More highly quali-fied junior staff were thus needed;
[02:39.14]and each could look forward to promotion pros-pects,
[02:44.39]which were often highly specialized and confined to a narrow technical function.
[02:51.76]Moreover,it was a period of economic growth.
[02:57.40]Companies found it no hardship to fund the management explosion.
[03:04.06]Indeed,it became a fundamental belief of many companies that steady business growth
[03:11.82]went hand-in-hand with rapid promotion available to all
[03:18.30]who showed the necessary merit.
[03:22.55]One final factor at work was not so widely recognized.
[03:30.00]Two world wars and 20 years of depression had lowed the birthrate.
[03:37.57]The explosion in demand for highly qualified managers
[03:43.32]was faced with the lowest supply of young men
[03:48.36]entering the working population in this century.
[03:53.61]It was a good time to be yound,
[03:57.69]intelligent and ambitious,
[04:01.63]and a whole generation has built its ideals
[04:06.60]and expectations on the growth in living standards
[04:12.24]that a managerial career could guarantee.
[04:16.99]Putting the management explosion of 1960s,1970s and early 1980s into context
[04:26.84]shows its enormous scale.
[04:30.92]During the 30 years from 1960s to 1980s,
[04:36.79]total employment in Britain grew by around 10%.
[04:42.44]Growth in managerial employment was nearly seven times as great
[04:48.78]and professional posts increased 11 times as fast.
[04:55.24]The ideal of full opportunities for all was deeply rooted in management thinking.