大學英語自學教程 unit 09

[00:00.00]Unit 9 Text A [00:04.41]Learned Words and Popular Words [00:07.04]書卷詞語和普通詞語 [00:09.67]In every cultivated language there are two [00:12.34]每一門經(jīng)過陶冶的語言都有兩大類詞， [00:15.02]great classes of words which,taken together, make up the whole vocabulary. [00:19.15]它們一起構(gòu)成了這門語言的總詞匯。 [00:23.28]First there are those words [00:25.46]首先， [00:27.64]with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation [00:30.42]有類我們通過日常談話熟悉的詞， [00:33.20]which we learn, that is to say, [00:35.54]就是說， [00:37.88]from the members of our own family [00:40.15]我們從家人，朋友那里學來的， [00:42.42]and from our friends,and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write. [00:46.85]即使我們是文盲也知道和使用的詞。 [00:51.28]They concern the common things of life, [00:53.92]這類詞涉及日常生活 [00:56.56]and are the stock in trade of all who speak the language. [00:59.89]是所有使用此語言的人的常備詞匯。 [01:03.22]Such words may be called "popular," [01:05.65]這樣的詞可稱為“普通詞語”，因為它們屬于普通大眾，而并非某一有限階層人們專有。 [01:08.08]since they belong to the people at large [01:10.50]因為它們屬于普通大眾， [01:12.93]and are not the possession of a limited class only. [01:15.90]而并非某一有限階層人們專有。 [01:18.86]On the other hand, our language includes a large number of words [01:22.44]另一方面，我們的語言包括了大量 [01:26.02]which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. [01:29.05]在日常談話中相對地使用較少的詞。 [01:32.08]Their meanings are known to every educated person, [01:34.92]這些詞的意思為每個受過教育的人所知， [01:37.75]but there is little occasion to use them at home. [01:40.53]但在家里幾乎沒有機會使用這些詞。 [01:43.31]Our first acquaintance with them [01:45.59]我們不是 [01:47.86]comes not from our mother's lips or from the talk of our classmates, [01:51.29]從母親的嘴里或從同班同學的談話中， [01:54.73]but from books that we read, lectures that we hear, [01:57.55]而是從我們所讀的書所聽的講座， [02:00.37]or the more formal conversation of highly educated speakers [02:03.70]或從受過高深教育的講話者較正式談話中， [02:07.03]who are discussing some particular topic in an elevated style. [02:10.46]他們用莊重的文體談論一些特定的話題時， [02:13.88]Such words are called "learned", [02:16.52]首次了解到這些詞的。 [02:19.15]and the difference between them and "popular" words [02:22.03]這些詞被稱為書卷詞語， [02:24.90]is of great importance to a right understanding of language. [02:28.23]認識書卷詞語與普通詞語之間的差別對正確理解語言是至關(guān)重要的。 [02:31.56]The difference between popular and learned words [02:33.99]我們可以通過幾個例子 [02:36.42]may be easily seen in a few examples. [02:39.26]清楚地看到這兩類詞的差別。 [02:42.09]We may describe a girl as "lively" or as "vivacious." [02:45.47]描寫一個女孩活潑，我們可用“l(fā)ively”或“vivacious”。 [02:48.86]In the first case, [02:50.63]前一種情況 [02:52.41] we are using a native English word formed from the familiar noun life. [02:56.54]我們用了一個由常見名詞“l(fā)ife”轉(zhuǎn)換而來的地道的英語詞。 [03:00.66]In the latter, [03:02.14]后一種情況, [03:03.61]we are using a Latin derivative which has exactly the same meaning [03:06.85]我們用了一個意義完全相同的拉丁語派生詞. [03:10.09]Yet the atmosphere of the two words is quite different. [03:13.33]但這兩個詞的色彩相支甚遠。 [03:16.57] No one ever got the adjective lively out of a book. [03:19.75]從來沒有人最初是由書上學到“l(fā)ively”這個形容詞的， [03:22.92]It is a part of everybody's vocabulary. [03:25.51]這個詞不達意是在眾詞匯的一部分。 [03:28.09]We cannot remember a time when we did not know it, [03:30.76]我們不記得有不知道這個詞的時候， [03:33.42]and we feel sure that we learned it long before we were able to read. [03:37.10]而且肯定在會讀書前很久我們就已經(jīng)認識它了。 [03:40.79]On the other hand, [03:42.55]另一方面， [03:44.31] we must have passed several years of our lives before learning the word vivacious. [03:47.80]我們可能過了好幾年才學到“vivacious”這個詞 [03:51.29]We may even remember the first time that we saw it in print or heard it from some grown-up friend. [03:55.86]我們甚至可能還記得，第一次在書上看到它或從一些成年朋友那兒聽到它。 [04:00.43]Both lively and vivacious are good English words, [04:03.37]“l(fā)ively”和“vivacious”都是很好的英語詞， [04:06.31]but lively is popular and vivacious is learned. [04:09.43]但“l(fā)ively”大眾化而“vivacious”則帶有書卷氣。 [04:12.55]The terms"popular"and"learned,"as applied to words, [04:15.83]當用于詞匯分類時，“普通的”和“書卷的” [04:19.11]are not absolute definitions [04:21.79]這兩個術(shù)語的定義不是絕對的。 [04:24.46]No two persons have the same stock of words, [04:27.39]任何兩個人掌握的詞匯都不一樣， [04:30.32]and the same word may be"popular"in one man's vocabulary [04:33.35]同一個詞在某人的詞匯里可能是“普通的”, [04:36.38]and"learned'in another's [04:38.61]而在另一個人的詞匯里則是"書卷的". [04:40.84]There are also different grades of "popularity." [04:43.47]而且"普通"也有不同的等級。 [04:46.09]Still, the classification into "learned" and "popular" is convenient and sound. [04:50.43]然而，把詞匯分成“書卷的”和“普通的”還是方便和合理的。 [04:54.77]Different opinions may come up as to the classification of any particular word, [04:58.89]人們也許在對某一特定詞分類上會有分歧意見， [05:03.02]but there can be no difference of opinion about the general principle. [05:06.26]但對總原則則無異議。 [05:09.50]We must be careful, however, to avoid misconception. [05:12.88]可我們依然要小心避免概念混淆。 [05:16.26]When we call a word "popular," [05:18.45]當我們說一個詞屬于"普通的"時, [05:20.63]we do not mean that it is a favorite word, [05:23.21]并不意味著人們喜愛它, [05:25.80]but simply that it belongs to the people as a whole [05:28.83]而只不過昌它屬于所有的人, [05:31.86]that is,it is everybody's wordnot the possession of a limited number. [05:35.83]即它是大眾的詞匯,而并非有限人們所獨有. [05:39.80]When we call a word"learned"we do not mean [05:42.88]當我們稱某一詞是“書卷的”時， [05:45.97]that it is used by learned persons alone [05:48.64]不是指僅僅有學問的人才用， [05:51.32]but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books [05:54.95]而是它在英語詞匯中存在是由于 [05:58.58]and the cultivation of litera ture [06:00.92]書籍和文學的陶冶， [06:03.26]rather than to the actual needs of ordinary conversation [06:06.34]而不是日常談話的實際需要。 [06:09.42]TextB [06:12.17]How Should You Build Up Your Vocabulary? [06:14.15]如何增加你的詞匯量？ [06:16.14]Through Context [06:17.72]通過上下文 [06:19.30]When students in a college class were asked what should be done [06:22.03]當某班大學生被問到 [06:24.76]when they came across a new word in their reading,84 percent said, [06:27.84]在閱讀中碰到一個生詞怎么辦時，84%的人說 [06:30.92]"Look it up in the dictionary." [06:32.61]“查字典”。 [06:34.29]If you do, however, you interrupt the very mental processes [06:37.22]但是，如果你這樣做，你就打斷了思維過程， [06:40.14]needed to make your efforts most productive [06:42.43]而這一思維過程能使你的努力最有成效。 [06:44.72]But there's another reason. [06:46.24]但是還另一個原因。 [06:47.77]Suppose someone asks you what the word "fast" means. [06:50.50]試想有人問你“fast”的意思， [06:53.23]You answer, "swift." [06:55.15]你回答說“快速的”。 [06:57.07]But does it mean that in such contexts as"fast color, [06:59.71]但在“ fast color”，“ [07:02.35]"fast woman,"or"fast friend" [07:04.42]“fast women”或“fast friend”這樣一些上下文中它還是這個意思嗎？ [07:06.50]And if a horse is fast, [07:08.23]如果說一匹馬“fast” [07:09.95]is it securely tied or running at top speed? It could be either. [07:13.19]是指它拴得牢，還是它跑得飛快？ [07:16.43]It all depends. [07:17.90]兩者可能都行，只能視情況而定 [07:19.38]On the dictionary? [07:20.82]這取決于詞典嗎？ [07:22.25]No, on contexton how the word is actually used. [07:25.37]不，取決于上下文——即這個詞實際上是怎樣使用的。 [07:28.50]After all there are over twenty different meanings for "fast" in the dictionary. [07:32.08]畢竟在詞典中“fast”有20多種不同的意思。 [07:35.65]But the dictionary doesn't tell you which meaning is intended. [07:38.14]但詞典不會告訴你用的是哪意思。 [07:40.62]That's why it makes such good sense to begin with context. [07:43.19]這就是為什么 我們有充分理由要從上下文開始。 [07:45.76]Through Word Parts Now for the next step. [07:48.19]通過構(gòu)詞 現(xiàn)在我們看下一步。 [07:50.62]Often new words contain one or more parts, which, [07:53.26]通常新單詞包含有一個或更多的部分， [07:55.90]if recognized, provide specific help with meaning. [07:58.54]而如果你能認識這些部分，那么對理解單詞的意義就特別有幫助。 [08:01.18]Suppose you read that someone "had a preference for reading travel books." [08:04.26]假設(shè)你讀到某人對閱讀游記有“preference”， [08:07.34]The context certainly isn't too helpful. [08:09.56]這時上下文當然幫助不大。 [08:11.78]But do you see a prefix, suffix, or root that you know? [08:14.72]但你是否看到你認識的前綴、后綴或詞根了？ [08:17.66]Well, there's the familiar prefix pre-, meaning "before." [08:21.08]哦，有一個你熟悉的前綴“pre-”，意即當前” [08:24.50]Look back at the context and try inserting "before." [08:27.34]回過來看上下文，并試著把“在前”嵌入。 [08:30.17]Reading travel books apparently comes "before" other kinds of reading. [08:33.59]顯然閱讀游記“優(yōu)先”于其他種類的讀物。 [08:37.02]Yes, a preference is something put "before" something else. [08:40.40]于是“prefer-ence”就是可優(yōu)于別的事之間考慮的事情。 [08:43.78]Your second step, then, is to look for familiar word parts. [08:46.67]所以你的第二步，就是找熟悉的部分。 [08:49.55]If they do not give you exact meanings, [08:51.47]假如它們沒能給出準確的意思， [08:53.39]they should at least bring you much closer. [08:55.37]至少也會使你把意思靠得更近。 [08:57.34]Now you-can see why you should consult the dictionary last,not first. [09:00.58]現(xiàn)在你明白為什么要最后而不是最先查詞典了吧。 [09:03.82]You've looked carefully at context. [09:06.10]你已經(jīng)仔細注意到了上下文， [09:08.39]You've looked for familiar word parts. [09:10.36]找了詞的熟悉部分。 [09:12.33]Now you play Sherlock play Sherlock Holmes--an exalting role. [09:14.92]現(xiàn)在你扮演夏洛克。福爾摩斯吧——一個很刺激的角色。 [09:17.51]You guess. What exactly does that strange word mean? [09:20.38]你猜詞吧。詞準確的意思是什么？ [09:23.25]Only when you go through the mental exercises [09:25.47]只有當你經(jīng)過一番腦力活動， [09:27.69]to come up with a tentative definition [09:29.68]得了一個推測性的定義后， [09:31.66]should you open the dictionary to see if you're right. [09:33.84]才應該打開詞典來看你正確與否。 [09:36.03]After all, those first two steps or approaches [09:38.61]畢竟，這開始的兩步或兩種辦法 [09:41.20]spark a stronger than usual interest in that dictionary definition. [09:44.12]激發(fā)了你比通常更強烈的對詞典定義的興趣。 [09:47.05]You're now person ally involved. [09:48.88]現(xiàn)在你親身投入了。 [09:50.71]Did you find out the word meaning? [09:52.44]找到詞義了嗎？ [09:54.18]Your heightened interest will lead to better memory of both word and meaning. [09:57.42]你興趣的提高會使你對單詞和詞義記憶更深， [10:00.66]It also encourages your development [10:02.63]還會激勵你養(yǎng)成這一習慣， [10:04.60]of the habits needed to speed your progress. [10:07.03]以加快你的進步。 [10:09.46]And when you see in black and white the definition you had expected, [10:12.28]而當你在白紙黑字中發(fā)現(xiàn)了你所期待的定義時， [10:15.11]what a feeling of success is yours. [10:17.39]那該是一種怎樣的成功喜悅啊！ [10:19.68]In that way, the CPD,Formula provides you with maximum effectiveness. [10:23.61]CPD公式將以這樣的方式使你取得最大的效果。 [10:27.54]Well, there it is, your new formula--Context, Parts, Dictionary. [10:31.42]對了，你的新公式CPD—— Context（上下文）、Parts（構(gòu)詞部分）和Dictionary（詞典）。 [10:35.30]Use it! The exercises which follow will give you specific, [10:38.42]用這個公式吧，下面的練習會給你具體的、 [10:41.54]step-by-step help in sharpening your awareness of contextual clues, [10:44.92]循序漸進的幫助，使你敏銳察覺到上一文線索， [10:48.31]learning the most useful word parts, [10:50.59]學習到最有用的構(gòu)詞部分， [10:52.88]and using the dictionary with increased accuracy and ease [10:55.86]更準確自如地使用詞典。 [10:58.83]The results will be like money in the bank. [11:01.20]其結(jié)果好比是你在銀行有了一筆存款。

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