大學(xué)英語自學(xué)教程 unit 15

[00:00.00]Unit 15 text A [00:04.60]How TV Violence Affects Kids [00:07.38]電視暴力怎樣影響孩子 [00:10.16]For more than a quarter of a century, evidence has been increasing [00:13.40]在四分之一的世紀(jì)還多一些的時間里,愈來愈多的證據(jù)表明, [00:16.64]that children's exposureto violence on television [00:19.51]孩子們看電視里的暴力場面 [00:22.39]has long-lasting effects on their behavior. [00:25.47]對他們的行為有著持久的影響. [00:28.55]Between 1982 and 1986, the amount of television time allocated each week [00:33.42]在1982年到1986年期間,每周電視節(jié)目中 [00:38.30]to violent programs increased significantly. [00:41.68]暴力節(jié)目的時間有很大的增長. [00:45.06]And the number of violent acts on television in the past years [00:48.78]在過去幾年中,電視中的暴力行為的數(shù)量 [00:52.51]has increased from about 19 to 27 per hour. [00:56.89]從每小時大約19個增加到27個. [01:01.28]Given the amount of time that children watch television, [01:04.21]假定孩子們有這么多的時間看電視, [01:07.13]it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow. [01:11.31]那么暴力便成為他們想要模仿的最有影響力的榜樣之一. [01:15.49]The Position Statement on Media Violence in Children's Lives, [01:19.07]全美國兒童教育協(xié)會最近就傳媒暴力影響兒童生活問題 [01:22.65]recently adopted by the National Associationfor the Education of Young Children, [01:26.43]發(fā)表立場聲明,聲明還指出學(xué)齡前兒童 [01:30.20]points out that preschool children are particularly easily affected by the median [01:35.27]特別容易受傳媒的影響, [01:40.34]because they are not yet fully able to distinguish fantasy from reality [01:44.76]因為這時的兒童還沒有充分能力區(qū)分幻想與現(xiàn)實, [01:49.19]and their understanding of the underlying motives for behavior [01:52.57]不能很好地理解某些行為內(nèi)在的動機 [01:55.96]and the subtleties of moral conflicts is not yet well developed. [02:00.19]以及道貌岸然德沖突的微妙性. [02:04.42]For example, the rapid recoveries of people on TV from violent attacks [02:08.95]例如,在電視里,人們受暴力襲擊后迅速恢復(fù)健康, [02:13.49]give children an unrealistic picture of the injuries that have been suffered [02:17.52]就能使孩子對人體所受傷害產(chǎn)生了不現(xiàn)實的想法 [02:21.56]Effects on Play [02:23.28]對孩子游戲的影響 [02:25.01]Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs. [02:29.19]孩子們常常很自然地想到電視節(jié)目里展現(xiàn)的或者做了廣告的那些玩具. [02:33.36]And with these toys, their play tends to be more imitative than imaginative. [02:37.34]有了這些玩具后,他們游戲時更傾向于模仿,而不是按自己的想像進行. [02:41.31]Children simply imitate the behavior observed during the program, [02:44.69]兒童單純地模仿電視節(jié)目中看到的行為, [02:48.07]thus undermining both the imaginative and the expressive functions of play [02:52.45]這樣會與暴力有關(guān)的玩具范圍狹小, [02:56.82]The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on television [03:01.60]這會危及游戲在幫助兒童 [03:06.38]jeopardizes the role of play in helping children [03:09.91]更好地理解自己的感情 [03:13.44]make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world. [03:17.30]與解釋周圍世界中的作用. [03:21.17]Some research even suggests that children apply the behaviors observed on TV programs [03:26.34]有的研究甚至認(rèn)為,兒童會把電視節(jié)目中 [03:31.51]to their real-life situations. [03:33.79]看到的行為搬到現(xiàn)實生活中去. [03:36.06]Parents Can Help [03:37.84]父母能起的作用 [03:39.61]It is a good idea for parents to monitor the amountas well as the kind of television their preschool child watches. [03:45.04]父母監(jiān)管學(xué)齡前兒童所看電視的數(shù)量和種類,這是一個分主意. [03:50.48]If your child appears to be crazy about war play and weapons, [03:54.25]如果孩子似乎對打仗游戲和武器著迷時, [03:58.03]it would be a good idea to control his viewing. [04:00.86]最好要控制他觀看電視. [04:03.70]Controlling viewing is easier to do during the preschool yearsthan during the school years, [04:07.38]控制學(xué)齡前兒童比控制上學(xué)后的兒童要容易. [04:11.06]so you should initiate a pattern of restricted television watching now. [04:14.79]因此從現(xiàn)在起應(yīng)當(dāng)制定一套限制看電視的辦法. [04:18.51]Help your child to interpret what she sees [04:21.39]要幫助孩子理解所看的內(nèi)容---- [04:24.28]to think of explanationsfor the events depicted [04:27.40]想一想怎樣才能解釋所描述的事件, [04:30.52]and to imagine how the show is put together. [04:33.41]想像一下該戲是怎么連貫起來的. [04:36.30]Make simple critiques of a show [04:39.17]對節(jié)目作一些簡單的評論, [04:42.04]without implying that her fascination with the drama and the weapons makes her guiltyby association. [04:47.22]但不要有任何暗示,使孩子聯(lián)想到由于自己對劇情和武器的著迷而感到內(nèi)疚. [04:52.39]Ask the teachers of your child' s preschoolabout their policy on war play and toy weapons. [04:56.57]可以請教孩子的老師有關(guān)他們對打仗游戲和玩具武器的態(tài)度. [05:00.75]Many preschool teachers do not like to have commercially made toy weaponsbrought into the classroom [05:05.44]許多幼兒園的老師 [05:10.13]and welcome hearing your concerns about this matter. [05:13.16]不喜歡孩子把商業(yè)性的玩具武器帶進教室, [05:16.19]Look for other parents who share your views. [05:19.22]他們愿意聽聽你們對這種事的關(guān)心. [05:22.25]Work together to control the amount of violent programs watched [05:25.97]還可以找找與你們看法一致的其父母. [05:29.69]and the number of violent toys found in the home. [05:32.56]大家共同努力控制觀看暴力電視節(jié)目的數(shù)量,控制家中的暴力玩具 的數(shù)目. [05:35.44]Try to arrange play dates for the children as an alternative to TV viewing [05:39.60]設(shè)法給孩子規(guī)定游戲的時間,以取代看電視. [05:43.77]Or look for videos of healthy,nonviolent programs for children, [05:47.35]或者給孩子找一些內(nèi)容健康,非暴力的錄相節(jié)目,鼓勵他們觀看, [05:50.93]and encourage their use as an attractive alternative to violent television programs. [05:55.36]以此作為更有吸引力的手段替代暴力電視節(jié)目. [05:59.78]Text B [06:02.53]Why Don't Girls Think Like Boys ? [06:04.51]女孩的思維方式為什么秘男孩不同？ [06:06.50]Do you believe that only boys do well in science? [06:08.82]你是否相信只有男孩才能學(xué)好科學(xué)？ [06:11.15]Does it seem to you that girls have better vocabularies than boys? [06:13.86]你是否感到女孩掌握詞匯比男孩強？ [06:16.58]In your opinion,are boys better at building things. [06:19.21]你的意見是不是男孩更善于制作物件？ [06:21.83]If your answer to each of those questions is "Yes," you are right, [06:24.61]如果你對其中任何一個問題的回答是肯定的話， [06:27.40]according to an article in Current Science. [06:29.47]那么按照《當(dāng)代科學(xué)》中的一篇文章的看法，你是正確的。 [06:31.55]There are exceptions, but here are the facts. [06:33.84]雖然也有例外，但是以下都是事實。 [06:36.12]On the average, males score higher on tests that measure mathematical reasoning, [06:39.39]在測試數(shù)學(xué)推理、機械能力和解題技能方面， [06:42.65]mechanical ability,and problem-solving skills. [06:45.43]男性一般得分較高； [06:48.22]Females show superior ability [06:50.10]在測試詞匯、拼寫和記憶方面 [06:51.98]in tests measuring vocabularyspelling, and memory. [06:54.92]女性表現(xiàn)出更強的能力。 [06:57.85]But these differences will probably not always exist. [07:00.48]但這些差異可能并非總是如此。 [07:03.11]In the future, a person's abilities may not be determined by sex. [07:06.49]將來一個人的能力可能不由性別決定， [07:09.87]As one scientist says, "Nothing is impossible for a person to be or do." [07:13.14]正如一位科學(xué)家所說“人欲成名或成事，未有不可成者”。 [07:16.40]In several recent studies, young babies have been observed [07:19.29]在最近幾次研究中，人們對幼兒進行觀察和試驗， [07:22.17]and tested to discover how different abilities ere developed. [07:24.96]以便了解不同的能力是怎樣形成的。 [07:27.74]A scientific team headed by Jerome Kagana [07:30.12]哈佛大學(xué)心理學(xué)家杰羅姆’卡根 [07:32.49]psychologist at Harvard University, [07:35.07]領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的科學(xué)小組研究了 [07:37.64]is studying the thinking ability of children 11 1/2 months old. [07:40.83]11個半月的幼兒的思維能力。 [07:44.01]The test is a simple one. [07:45.74]試驗很簡單， [07:47.46]The baby, while seated on its mother's lap [07:49.88]被試小孩坐在母親的膝蓋上 [07:52.29]watches a "show" on a small theater stage. [07:54.62]觀看一家小戲院舞臺上的“表演”。 [07:56.94]In act 1 of the show, [07:58.68]表演的第一幕是 [08:00.42]an orange-colored block is lifted from a blue box [08:02.99]一塊橘紅色的積木從一只藍(lán)色盒子里取出, [08:05.56]and moved slowly across the stage. [08:07.64]慢慢地從舞臺一頭移到另一頭, [08:09.72]Then it is returned to the box. [08:11.90]然后放回到盒子里. [08:14.08]This is repeated six times. [08:16.12]這個過程重復(fù)六次。 [08:18.16]Act 2 is similar, except that the orange block is smaller. [08:21.49]第二幕類似，不同的是橘紅色積木比較小。 [08:24.82]Baby boys do not seem to notice the difference in the size of the block, [08:27.69]男孩似乎沒有注意到積木體積上的變化， [08:30.56]but girls immediately become excited [08:32.63]而女孩很快興奮起來， [08:34.69]and begin to make noises that sound like language. [08:36.87]并發(fā)出聽起來像語言的聲音， [08:39.05]They seem to be trying to talk. [08:40.82]似乎企圖說些什么。 [08:42.58]It is known that bones, muscles,and nerves develop faster in baby girls. [08:46.01]大家知道女孩的骨骼、肌肉和神經(jīng)發(fā)育得更快些。 [08:49.45]Usually, too, baby girls talk at an earlier age than boys do. [08:52.68]女孩通常也比男孩說話早。 [08:55.90]Scientists think there is a physical reason for this. [08:58.14]科學(xué)家認(rèn)為這中間有生理上的原因。 [09:00.37]They believe that nerves in the left side of the brain [09:02.94]他們認(rèn)為女孩比 [09:05.52]develop faster in girls than in boys. [09:07.75]男孩左半腦神經(jīng)發(fā)育更快些。 [09:09.98]And it is this side of the brain [09:11.90]而正是大腦的左側(cè) [09:13.82]that strongly influences an individual's ability to use words, [09:16.85]強烈地影響著一個人使用詞匯、 [09:19.88]to spell, and to remember things. [09:22.10]拼寫和記憶事物的能力. [09:24.32]By the time they start to school, [09:26.26]因此,到了開始上學(xué)的時候, [09:28.19]therefore,little girls have an advantage that boys do not have. [09:31.15]女孩子有男孩子沒有的優(yōu)勢. [09:34.12]Girls are physically more ready to remember facts,to spell,and to read [09:37.50]在生理上,女孩子更容易記憶事物.拼寫和閱讀. [09:40.88]These,of course,are skills that are important in elementary school. [09:43.81]這些在小學(xué)階段當(dāng)然是重要的技能。 [09:46.74]But what have the boys been doing in the years before starting school? [09:49.37]然而,男孩在上學(xué)前在干些什么呢？ [09:52.01]They have been developing something called aggression. [09:54.39]他們發(fā)展了一種稱之為進取心的東西。 [09:56.77]An aggressive person has courage arid energy. [09:58.99]一個有進取心的人是有勇氣和精力的人。 [10:01.21]He feels strong and independent. [10:03.04]他感到有力量，具有獨立性， [10:04.87]He is often the first one to start a fight. [10:06.94]常常首先挑起爭斗。 [10:09.02]What produces aggression in little boys? [10:11.06]是什么造成小男孩具有進取心呢？ [10:13.09]It has long been assumed that aggression is caused by male hormones. [10:16.02]長期以來人們認(rèn)為進取心是雄性激素造成的， [10:18.95]Scientists today believe that male hormones are only part of the explanation, however: [10:22.18]但現(xiàn)在科學(xué)家們相信雄激素只能解釋其中的部分原因。 [10:25.42]They say aggressiveness in boys is also caused by mothers. [10:28.24]他們指出男孩的進取心也是由母親養(yǎng)成的。 [10:31.07]A team of psychologists discovered this by placing mothers [10:33.80]這個結(jié)論是一組心理學(xué)家通過下列實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)的實驗安排一些母親。 [10:36.53]and their one-year-old babies in a room filled with toys. [10:38.96]和他們一歲的孩子們呆在一間放滿玩具的房間里。 [10:41.38]The room had a wall through which the scientists could observe what happened with but being seen. [10:44.52]房間有面墻,科學(xué)家可以隔墻觀察到房間里發(fā)生的情況,而自己不會被人看見。 [10:47.65]They took notes on everything the mothers and babies did. [10:49.98]他們把母親和孩子們 [10:52.30]Here is a sample of those notes, [10:54.34]的所作所為記錄下來。 [10:56.38]taken during the observation of a baby boy and his mother: [10:59.11]下面是觀察一個男孩和他母親時記錄下來的片斷： [11:01.84]"Baby leans against mother. [11:03.61]“孩子靠在母親身上， [11:05.39]Looks up at her. She speaks to him. [11:07.77]抬頭看她。她跟他說話。 [11:10.15]She turns him around. He walks away, picks up toy cat. [11:13.18]她把他的身子轉(zhuǎn)過去。他走開，拾起玩具貓， [11:16.21]Goes to mother,drops cat,and leans against her. [11:18.94]向母親走來，丟下玩具貓，靠在她身上， [11:21.67]Looks up at her, She turns him around," [11:23.99]抬頭看她。她把他的身子轉(zhuǎn)過去”。 [11:26.32]From such observations and from conversations with mothers, [11:29.11]科學(xué)家通過觀察和與母親們的談話， [11:31.91]scientists learned something about the treatment of baby boys and baby girls [11:34.83]了解到母親對待男孩與女孩不同。 [11:37.76]While the mother keeps her daughter dose to her, [11:39.79]母親讓女兒靠近自己， [11:41.83]she trains her son to move away from her,to develop independence. [11:44.77]而對兒子卻訓(xùn)練他離開自己，培養(yǎng)他的獨立性。 [11:47.71]Consequently, it is easy to understand why little girls [11:50.44]因此，不難理解為什么小女孩 [11:53.17]often perform school tasks better than boys, [11:55.53]常常比男孩完成學(xué)校作業(yè)更出色， [11:57.90]especially if the taskrequires sitting still, [12:00.31]特別是這些作業(yè)需要孩子坐著不動、 [12:02.73]and accepting the teacher's ideas. [12:05.30]服從指揮、老師說什么就聽什么的時候更是如此。 [12:07.88]a girl may pass early through the first few grades. [12:10.31]女孩在小學(xué)低年級可能很容易過關(guān)。 [12:12.73]While boys of her age bring home low marks, [12:14.86]同樣年齡的男孩拿著低分回家的時候， [12:16.99]the girl may easily get good grades. [12:19.21]女孩也許輕而易地獲得好成績。 [12:21.43]Girls:seem to have "better brains" in school. [12:23.77]在學(xué)校期間，女孩的大腦似乎更好使一些。 [12:26.11]Why,then, do so few become great scientists? [12:28.75]那么，最終成為偉大科學(xué)家的女孩為什么寥寥無幾呢？ [12:31.39]Why is the most important thinking in adult society done by men? [12:34.31]為什么在成年人社會中最重要的思想出息于男性呢？ [12:37.24]According to scientists, the answer is aggression. [12:39.77]按照科學(xué)家的看法，答案是進取心。 [12:42.31]Because boys are aggressive [12:44.13]因為男孩具有進取心， [12:45.96]they refuse to accept other people's solutions; [12:48.23]他們不接受別人的解決方案， [12:50.51]they insist upon solving problems for themselves. [12:52.85]他們堅持靠自己解決問題。 [12:55.18]Thus,while little girls are getting high marks in school [12:57.81]因此小女孩在學(xué)校因能 [13:00.43]for remembering what the teacher has told them, [13:02.46]記住老師所教給的內(nèi)容而得到高分， [13:04.48]little boys are learning to think in more independent ways. [13:07.00]反過來小男孩學(xué)會以更獨立的方式思考問題。 [13:09.52]In the adult world, [13:11.04]在成年人世界里， [13:12.55]the aggressive person is usually the one who gets the big salary, [13:15.22]有進取心的人通常是拿高薪的人、 [13:17.88]the great responsibility, the powerful job. [13:20.56]承擔(dān)重大責(zé)任的人、手握重權(quán)的人。 [13:23.24]And since males are trained at an early age to be aggressive, [13:25.76]由于男人在年輕時就培養(yǎng)了進取心， [13:28.28]males are more often chosen for key positions. [13:30.61]因此有更多的機會被選拔擔(dān)當(dāng)重要的職位。 [13:32.93]Many people believe this situation is wrong. [13:35.22]許多人相信這種狀況是錯誤的。 [13:37.50]They think women could be successful in science and industry [13:39.93]他們認(rèn)為如果婦女能像男孩一樣培養(yǎng)獨立性和解決問題的能力， [13:42.36]if they were trained to be independent and problem-solving,as boys are. [13:45.29]那么她們也是能在科學(xué)和產(chǎn)業(yè)方面取得成就的。

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