GMAT邏輯反對(duì)題型分析

　　反對(duì)題型的正確答案是放在論證推理和結(jié)論之間，使段落推理成立或結(jié)論正確的可能性降低的選項(xiàng)，即對(duì)段落推理的作用與支持題型中的剛好相反。在解答反對(duì)題型時(shí)很常見的一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤是選擇帶有論證和結(jié)論中的關(guān)鍵詞而答案本身卻對(duì)結(jié)論無任何影響的選項(xiàng)。反對(duì)的選項(xiàng)比支持要靈活的多，只要是能削弱對(duì)所得出結(jié)論的支持即可。因此，正確答案可能并無論證和結(jié)論中的關(guān)鍵詞，而那些帶有關(guān)鍵詞的選項(xiàng)就具有很大的迷惑性。我們通過以下這個(gè)例子來看看這種常見錯(cuò)誤的表現(xiàn)形式和GMAT攻略。

　　A group of children of various ages was read stories in which people caused harm, some of those people doing so intentionally and some accidentally. When asked about appropriate punishments for those who had caused harm, the younger children, unlike the older ones, assigned punishments that did not vary according to whether the harm was done intentionally or accidentally. Younger children, then, do not regard people’s intentions as relevant to punishment. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion above?

　　(A) In interpreting these stories, the listeners had to draw on a relatively mature sense of human psychology in order to tell whether harm was produced intentionally or accidentally.

　　(B) In these stories, the severity of the harm produced was clearly stated.

　　(C) Younger children are as likely to produce harm unintentionally as are older children.

　　(D) The younger children assigned punishments that varied according to the severity of the harm done by the agents in the stories.

　　本GMAT邏輯題的正確答案為A，但在GMAT考試進(jìn)行選擇時(shí)我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)A中所涉及到的關(guān)鍵詞最少，所以這個(gè)答案也是最容易忽略掉的。但是通過閱讀我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，A答案?jìng)鬟_(dá)的意思是年紀(jì)小一些的孩子可能不能區(qū)分故事中的壞事是否是有意造成的，因此即使年紀(jì)小一些的孩子確實(shí)認(rèn)為人們的意愿是相關(guān)因素，他們?cè)谶@里也可能不能夠應(yīng)用這項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，通過這樣的理解，我們可以知道A削弱了對(duì)于該結(jié)論的支持。

　　選項(xiàng)B和E是對(duì)該結(jié)論的支持，起碼不會(huì)反對(duì)該結(jié)論，所以容易被排除。

　　選項(xiàng)C和D最容易干擾解題思路，因?yàn)樗麄兌紟в嘘P(guān)鍵詞，但是由于其論述對(duì)結(jié)論沒有什么影響，相對(duì)于A而言也不是理想的答案。