百科知識視頻之煎蛋小學堂64 文件刪除的秘密

Hey,Vsauce,Michael here.But now,I'm not.I'm gone,like 90% of the original silent films ever made.Six of the seven wonders of the ancient world.Deleted like that text you thought twice about sending,or a Snapchat photo.Right?When Stallin decided that Trotsky was an enemy of the state,he had Trotsky removed photos he appeared in with linen.

嘿 這里是Vsauce 我是Michael，但現(xiàn)在 我不見了。我和90%曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)的默片一樣 消失了。和七分之六的史前奇觀一樣，和你再三考慮最后刪掉的信息一樣，還有Snapchat的照片。對么?當斯大林將托洛茨基認定為國家公敵后，他把出現(xiàn)在照片中的托洛茨基替換成了亞麻布。

Plenty of software tool and professional services allow you to do the same.Don't just forget the actual attendees of the moment in time,delete it.But where do things go when they are deleted? The Google Ngram Viewer allows you to search words and phrases in 5.2 million books,published between 1500 and 2008.It's great way to see how the words we use have changed over time.

很多軟件工具和專業(yè)服務(wù)都能幫你做到同樣的事。對于那一刻的在場者 不能只忘了他們 還得除掉他們。而那些被刪除的事物去哪了?Google Ngram Viewer能幫你搜索到1500-2008年間出版的520萬冊書出現(xiàn)的詞匯。這是一種很好的領(lǐng)略詞匯使用變遷的方式。

1979 was a significant year.According to the Ngram Viewer,it was the first time we began to use the word"Delete"more often than the word "Erase".Biological deletion still wins though,forget is by far more pervasive in our communication,But how does a computer forget? Moving a file to the trash is just the beginning.To protect against the accidntal deletion,when thrown into a trash,a file remains on your computer in temporary directory a sort of purgatory,where it awaits a more ultimate deletion,but can be resurrected if you wish.

1979年是極其重要的一年。根據(jù)Ngram Viewer這是我們使用“刪除”頻率超過“抹去”的第一年。但是生理上的“刪除”還是占了上風，遺忘在我們的交流中仍很普遍，但是計算機是怎么“遺忘”的呢?把文件移到回收站僅僅是一個開始，為了防止誤刪，當文件被仍到回收站后 它仍存在于電腦的一個臨時路徑內(nèi)，正如煉獄 在那它等待著被更高級的方式刪除，但如果你希望的話 他們可被恢復(fù)。

When you empty the trash,you are warned that you cannot undo the action.But when you empty the trash,the physical space inhabited by the file isn't actually emptied.It's marked as empty,available if and when new data needs to be stored somewhere.The file's home has become available real estate.But the file itself hasn't moved out.Only the pointers have gone away.Pointers are another type of data on your drive that point to places in memory where the actual file they are referencing can be found.They're a bit like the table of contents,which means that on most operating systems deleting a file and emptying the trash is like deleting a chapter from a book by turning to the table of the contents,and marking the chapter as Empty.

當你清空回收站時 會看到“此操作不可撤銷”的警告。但當你清空回收站后，文件曾占有的物理空間并未被清空。它被標記為“空” 在新數(shù)據(jù)尋求存儲空間時可用，文件的老家成了可用的不動產(chǎn)。但文件本身并未被移除。只有指針消失了。指針是你硬盤中的另一種數(shù)據(jù) 它指向存儲器的各個位置，它們指向的文件就可以在那里被找到。它們有點像是一個目錄表，也就是說在大多數(shù)操作系統(tǒng)中，刪除一個文件 清空回收站就像是通過轉(zhuǎn)向目錄表 將某個章節(jié)標識為“空”，從而刪除文件。

There's nothing here,do what ou want with the pages.To a computer reading the table of the contents,it looks like the space is empty.But of course that doesn't change the fact that the contents of the chapter are still there.Special data recovery tools look through memory marked empty,available to see what's actually there.If you're lucky,they can even find the file and save it,bring it back,mark it not available,undelete it.But in some of the file has already been overwritten can be problems.The file can be corrupted.melted together with other data like kind of digital frankenstein's monsters.

那里什么也沒有 這幾頁你隨意處理。對于一臺正在讀取目錄表的計算機而言，這塊空間看上去是空的。而當然 這并不會改變一個事實 目錄所指向章節(jié)的內(nèi)容還在那。特殊數(shù)據(jù)還原工具掃描被標識為空 可用的內(nèi)存空間，以尋找那里的數(shù)據(jù)。如果你夠幸運 工個甚至能找到原先的文件并保存，把它救回來，將其標識為不可用 恢復(fù)它。但其中一些已被覆蓋的文件就了問題。這些文件損壞了。與其他數(shù)據(jù)融合在一起 成了一種電子上的弗蘭肯斯坦怪物。

A couple of years ago,a laptop that belonged to photographer Melanie Willhide was stolen.It contained many of her recent digital photos.Luckily police were able to return the laptop to her.They found it in a car they pulled over.But the thief had wiped the laptop's hard drive clean and had been using it for his own purposes.Data recovery experts were able to find some of her files still there on the empty space,but the files had been slightly overwritten by things the thief had done.they've been corrupted,but in a really cool way.

幾年前 攝影師Melanie Willhide的一臺筆記本電腦被盜。電腦中有很多她最遑制作的數(shù)碼照片。很幸運 警方終將電腦物歸原主，他們是在迫使?？柯愤叺囊惠v車中發(fā)現(xiàn)的，但是竊賊把筆記本硬盤的數(shù)據(jù)全清空了，同時也已經(jīng)將其挪為己用。數(shù)據(jù)還原專家成功找到了一些攝影師的文件，文件仍在“空”的區(qū)域，但由于竊賊所做的事 這些文件被輕微地覆蓋了。它們損壞了 但是方式很神奇。

So cool Willhide decide to exhibit the work.She titled the show after the thief who made it possible.To Adrian Rodriguez,With Love.If you want to delete a file so completely,it can't be even recovered in cool,weird way,like Willhide's photos,you will need to overwrite the unwanted file completely.Deny the file a proper burial and rearrange its corpse with new data.One overwrite should be fine but some people do it as many as 35.Even 35 overwrites might not be enough.Sure the overwritten data is hidden,but what about bad sectors?

神奇到Willhide決定將作品展覽出來。她將展出以對此展有功的竊賊之名命名同，致Adrian Rodriguez 滿滿的都是愛。如果你想徹徹底底刪除一個文件以至于，通過極神奇古怪的方式也無法還原 正如Willhide 的照片，你需要將不想要的文件完全重寫。毀了文件的葬身之處 將其尸體用新數(shù)據(jù)掩蓋。一次重寫也許足以 但有些人會重寫多達35猵遍。即使35次也可能不夠。重寫前的數(shù)據(jù)已不見了 但是損壞扇區(qū)中的數(shù)據(jù)呢?

These are parts of a drive that devices can't access.Because of fail transactors or physical file damage,an overwrite won't be able to reach them,meaning any data that was ever put there stays there.So if you are the United States Department of Defence,and you don't want to take any risks,you'll also shred,physically pulverize unwanted drives.The US,Europe,Japan Often send such electronic waste to dumps in Ghana.Like this one.This city in Ghana is known as Earth's Digital Dumping Ground.Why Ghana? Well,it is cheaper to send unsalvagable electronics to Africa,marked as a donation than it is to properly recyle them.

這是磁盤中設(shè)備不能直接訪問的部分，由于數(shù)據(jù)傳輸失敗或者物理文件損壞，一次重寫碰不到它們，也就意味著原先在那里的數(shù)據(jù)還留在那。因此 如果你是美國國防部的人，你不想冒任何風險 因此你會粉碎紙張，會在物理上銷毀廢棄的磁盤。美國 歐洲和日本經(jīng)常將這類電子廢棄倒在加納。就像這個 加納的這座城市也被稱為“世界電子垃圾填埋場”。為什么是加納 將無法再利用的電子垃圾運到非洲成本低，運到非洲作為“捐助”的成本低于適當回收。

But there,in these electronic dumps,the files can still be brought back to life.Organized criminals,operating in Ghana,have managed to successfully recover data from unregulated electronic edumps.They have been able to find confidential multi-million dollar agreements involving the Defense and Intelligence Agency,Homeland Security and the TSA.Shredding paper to get rid of whatever used to be on the paper isn't even safe,either.It's not easy and it doesn't always work.By scanning shreds of paper,computer software can match the pieces together.But in the past,shredded documents have been unshred by hand.

但在那里 在電子垃圾場中 那些文件仍可重獲新生。在加納動作的有組織犯罪集團，成功地從無人監(jiān)管的電子廢物中還原出了數(shù)據(jù)。他們成功地發(fā)現(xiàn)了絕密的 價值萬億美元的協(xié)議 協(xié)議牽涉到國防和情報機構(gòu) 國安局和運輸安全局。通過粉碎紙張來除去紙上原有的信息，也不安全。這同樣也不簡單 也不見得總是奏效。電腦軟件可以通過掃描紙張的碎片將其拼好。但在過去 撕毀的文件都是用人工的方式拼接起來的。

In 1979,Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran.With the help of local carpet weavers and years of hard work,they managed to reassemble thousands of pages of confidential documents shred by the CIA.The smaller the shredded particles are,and the more of them there are,the more difficult the task.So,the Department of Defense required that the majority of shredded particles not exceed 5 square millimeters.If you really want to delete something,destroy it,erase it.Time is on your side.

1979年 伊朗的學生占領(lǐng)了在德黑蘭的美國大使館。在當?shù)氐靥嚎椩煺叩膸椭陆?jīng)過數(shù)年艱苦的努力，他們設(shè)法把數(shù)千頁重新拼好，它們都是被中情局粉碎的機密文件。文件的碎片越小，或是說 碎片越多 任務(wù)越艱巨。因此 國防部要求文件碎片大多不能超過5平方毫米。如果你真的想刪除、毀掉或抹去什么東西。時間是你的有力武器。

And about 5.4 billion years,the sun will become the ultimate shredder.A red giant large enough to swallow earth's whole.Everything will be fine for billions of years.Many accepted models of the universe predict that in 10 to the 100 years,whatever intelligence is left will witness the universe's dark era and its final heat death.The end of the universe,the end of any file,or photo,or memory of you ever be accessed again.Everytime something happens,a little bit of energy is lost.For instance,friction through sound or heat.That energy goes out into the universe a little bit at a time,slowly,more and more.

大約在54億年之后 太陽會成為終極粉碎機，它會變成一個紅巨星 大小足以吞噬整個地球。億年之后 一切都會過去。許多廣為接受的宇宙模型預(yù)測在10的100次方年之后 不論什么樣的生命形式存在都會見證宇宙的黑暗時代以及它最終的熱寂。宇宙的終點，也是任何文件、照片或是你能想起的記憶的終點。每發(fā)生一件事 能量就會損失一點兒。例如 通過聲音和熱量的摩擦。這些損失的能量一點一點地散失到宇宙中慢慢地 起來越多。

Eventually,in a colsed systme,energy becomes homogeneous.Evenly distributed the same everywhere.There's no gradient maximum entropy.In a little glass of iced water,it's pretty quotidian.But given enough time,our entire universe maybe no different.A gradient,a difference in energy from one place to another is necessary for things to happen.For files to be created and read,for life to exist.And in ten to the 100 years,there may not be any usable energy left.

最終 在一個密閉的系統(tǒng)里 能量變得同一。在各處均勻分布。沒有了梯度最大熵。在一小杯水里 這個現(xiàn)象很普通。但如果有足夠的時間 我們整個宇宙都可能處處相同。能量梯度 兩地之間的能量差是事物發(fā)生的必備條件。它使得文件得以創(chuàng)造和閱讀 它使得生命存于世上。在10的100次方年之后 可用的能量可能不復(fù)存在。

In Issac Asimov's short story,"The Last Question"humans are concerned about this.As the story leap fros billions of years into the future,their list of solutions doesn't get any longer than none.So if we think across a grand time scale,is cosmic deletion the freezing of everything,heat death,All we have to look forward to in this universe?We went to the moon,we brought flags with us that we planted on the moon,representing a place on earth.Those American flags on moon are likely erased.Now their symbols and colors bleached by the intense radiation of sun on the lunar surface unfiltered by the atmosphere,the flags are still there,we didn't take them back with us.But now they are enpty,white flags.

在Issac Asimov的短篇小說《最后的問題》中人類很關(guān)心這個問題。當這個故事向后跳躍到億萬年之后的未來時，人類的解決方案仍然沒能給出。所以如果我們越過一個宏大的時間尺度孝量，來自宇宙的摧毀 萬物的凍結(jié)、熱寂，才是我們對于宇宙的一切期望嗎?我們曾登上月球 我們將自帶的旗幟 插在月球上 代表地球的一片土地。在月球的美國國旗可能更可能被抹去。現(xiàn)在它們的標志和顏色已經(jīng)被強烈的太陽輻射褪色，它們插在月球表面 其太陽輻射未被大氣所過濾旗幟還在月球 它們沒有隨同返回地球。所以現(xiàn)在他們已經(jīng)是空的了 是一面白旗。

White flags representing our surrender to the inevitability of deletion in the universe.But we today are preoccupied with just the opposite,what really saturates our language.what we really seem to talk about is creation.Things happening not loss.Compared to erase,forget and delete,make practically deletes deletion.The flags on the moon are bleached out.But is that bleak?Are they deleted or blank?Like a fresh sheet of paper ready for stories.

Really,it just depend on what you make of it.So thanks for making things.And as always,thanks for watching.

這面白旗代表著人類對于無可避免的毀滅的投降。但是我們現(xiàn)今卻關(guān)注于恰恰相反的事情，它滲透在我們的語言當中。我們現(xiàn)在好像一直在說“創(chuàng)造”。事情的發(fā)生而不是失敗。與“擦除”“忘記”和“刪除”相比，“創(chuàng)造”實際上刪去了“刪除”。月球上的旗幟被漂白了。但是不是這就沒有指望了 它是被清除了 還是變白了?就像一張嶄新的白紙 準備迎接新的故事。

真的 這在于你怎么去理解它。所以多虧了“創(chuàng)造”事物。還是同往常一樣 謝謝觀看。