英語視頻暢談歐美人文風(fēng)情08：外國人眼中的至圣先師孔子

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　　Confucius was a Chinese philosopher of the Zhou dynasty, whose teachings of moral, social, political, and philosophical behavior and theory would later become the foundation of a system known as Confucianism.

　　孔子是中國周朝的一位思想家，他在道德、社會、政治、及哲學(xué)行為與理論的教誨，后來成為一個被稱做儒家的體系其根基。

　　The teachings of Confucius was studied and written about from the time of his death until the founding of the first Chinese empire in 221 B.C. His teachings included humanist towards others, ritual and etiquette, love of parents for their children and of children for their parents. An emphasis was placed on self-cultivation and skilled judgment, rather than a knowledge of rules.

　　孔子的講學(xué)從他辭世到西元前 221 年首個中國帝國建立期間被研究及寫下。他的教誨包括對他人的仁、儀俗及禮節(jié)、父母對子女的愛及子女對父母的愛。重點被放在自身修養(yǎng)和熟練的判斷力，而非對規(guī)則的了解。

　　His ethical ideals in teachings were also communicated through metaphor, innuendo, and anecdote or story. One of his most well-known teachings is—what you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others. Confucianism rose to prominence during the Han dynasty around 200 B.C. Many followers practiced his teachings as a religion. However, because it lacks a metaphysical aspect, most consider Confucianism as an influential social philosophy.

　　他教誨中的道德理想也透過隱喻、諷刺、軼事或故事來傳遞。其中一個他最廣為人知的教誨是--己所不欲，勿施于人。儒學(xué)在西元前約 200 年漢代時始達興盛。許多追隨者把他的教義當作一種宗教來實踐。然而，因為儒學(xué)缺乏一種純哲學(xué)的面向，大多數(shù)人視儒學(xué)為一個具影響力的社會學(xué)。

　　Confucius avidly promoted an autocratic social structure. In the years after his death, rulers looked to scholars of Confucianism for assistance in managing their empires and governing their people. Confucianism was appealing to rulers who found that its principles would essentially help society become self-regulating. These principles of behavior and their implementation are thought to have later influenced strong central rule, and the absence of rigidly enforced legal structure.

　　孔子熱烈地提倡一個專制的社會結(jié)構(gòu)。在他逝世后，統(tǒng)治者靠著儒家學(xué)者來協(xié)助管理他們的帝國及統(tǒng)治他們的人民。對于那些發(fā)現(xiàn)其原則實質(zhì)上會幫助社會變得自律的統(tǒng)治者而言，儒學(xué)很吸引人。這些關(guān)于行為和其施行的原則被認為后來影響了中央集權(quán)統(tǒng)治、及嚴格執(zhí)法體系的缺乏。

　　onfucius spent his final years teaching his followers and communicating his wisdom.These dialogues would eventually become a set of texts called the Five Classics.

　　孔子利用他的最后幾年教導(dǎo)他的弟子和散播他的智慧。這些對話最終變成一系列稱作《五經(jīng)》的文本。