異類(lèi)之不一樣的成功啟示錄 第163期:歐洲與中國(guó)農(nóng)民的差異

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重要的是，大多數(shù)的農(nóng)民是有自主權(quán)的，

The peasants of Europe worked essentially as low-paid slaves of an aristocratic landlord, with little control over their own destinies.

在歐洲的農(nóng)民只能從他們所屬的貴族那里得到一點(diǎn)微薄的報(bào)酬，而且他們幾乎無(wú)法主宰自己的命運(yùn)。

But China and Japan never developed that kind of oppressive feudal system, because feudalism simply can't work in a rice economy.

但是中國(guó)和日本的體制有所不同。西歐的體制不適合稻田農(nóng)業(yè)文化，

Growing rice is too complicated and intricate for a system that requires farmers to be coerced and bullied into going out into the fields each morning.

種地是件很復(fù)雜的事，體制無(wú)法強(qiáng)迫或威逼農(nóng)民每日很早起床去田里干活。

By the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, landlords in central and Southern China had an almost completely hands-off relationship with their tenants:

在14世紀(jì)到15世紀(jì)，中國(guó)中部和南部地區(qū)的地主同租戶的關(guān)系已不具有所屬關(guān)系。

they would collect a fixed rent and let farmers go about their business.

地主只收取固定的土地出租費(fèi)用，其他的事情全部都由農(nóng)民自主決定。

"The thing about wet-rice farming is, not only that you need phenomenal amounts of labor, but it's very exacting," says the historian Kenneth Pomerantz.

“對(duì)于種植水稻來(lái)說(shuō)，不僅僅是需要很多的人力，而且還是件很吃力的工作，細(xì)微的差別就會(huì)造成產(chǎn)量上很大的差異。”歷史學(xué)家肯尼思·波馬雷茲說(shuō)道，

"You have to care. It really matters that the field is perfectly leveled before you flood it.Getting it close to level but not quite right makes a big difference in terms of your yield.

“澆水的時(shí)間也非常關(guān)鍵。

It really matters the water is in the fields for just the right amount of time.There is a big difference between lining up the seedlings at exactly the right distance and doing it sloppily.

插秧時(shí)，秧苗的距離和力度對(duì)產(chǎn)量也會(huì)產(chǎn)生很大的影響。

It's not like you put the corn in the ground in mid-March and as long as the rain comes by the end of the month, you're ok.

這不是你想象的那么簡(jiǎn)單——只要在3月中旬，把種子灑在地里，然后在月底的時(shí)候下場(chǎng)雨就可以等待收成了，

You're controlling all the inputs in a very direct way.

你必須按部就班地點(diǎn)進(jìn)行每項(xiàng)作業(yè)。

And when you have something that requires that much care, the overlord has to have a system that gives the actual labor some set of incentives,

對(duì)于需要特別關(guān)注的田地，地主就會(huì)通過(guò)一定的獎(jiǎng)賞制度來(lái)激勵(lì)農(nóng)民。

where if the harvest comes out well, the farmer gets a bigger share.

如果收成很好，那么農(nóng)民也會(huì)得到更多的分成。

That's why you get fixed rents, where the landlord says, I get twenty bushels, regardless of the harvest, and if it's really good, you can get the extra.

這就是為什么地租是固定的。地主會(huì)說(shuō)，不管收成如何，我都要收20擔(dān)糧食，因此如果收成超出地租需要交納的糧食，你就會(huì)有收獲很多余糧。