科學(xué)一刻 悲觀的小老鼠

　　Rats in an unstable environment are more likely to interpret a novel noise as negative than those in a stable environment.

　　Negative Bias

　　Ever notice when you’re having a bad day it always seems to get that much worse? This could simply be the result of pessimistic response bias. Because you’re anxious about other things, you interpret proceeding events negatively.

　　A study suggests that even rats exhibit similar behavior. Apparently they can assume novel events are going to be positive or negative. In a recent lab study, scientists trained rats to respond to two different tones.

　　If they pressed a lever in response to one tone, they got a food pellet—a positive event. And when they heard the other tone and pressed the lever, they heard an unpleasant noise—so here they learned not to press the lever to avoid a negative event.

　　Half Full Vs. Half Empty

　　Then scientists moved half the rats into housing conditions that changed unpredictably. For example, the cages were unfamiliar, or lights went on at unusual times. Then they tested the rats to see how they responded to a novel tone that fell between the positive and the negative tones.

　　The rats from unstable environments were less likely to press the lever. When the rats heard the novel tone they were less likely than the rats from the stable housing to associate the novel tone with food and press the lever.

　　Their unstable environment forms the basis of a negative outlook that shades their perception of events. It makes them see the world negatively, like a big rat race, perhaps.