肺癌患者指南

肺癌患者指南

According to the American Cancer Society, 228,150 new cases of lung cancer (116,440 in men and 111,710 in women), are expected to be diagnosed in 2019, making it the second most common cancer in both men and women (not counting skin cancer). And it’s a deadly cancer – about 142,670 people are expected to die of the disease (76,650 men and 66,020 women) in 2019.

根據(jù)美國(guó)癌癥協(xié)會(huì)(American Cancer Society)的數(shù)據(jù)，預(yù)計(jì)2019年將有228,150例肺癌新病例(男性116,440例，女性111,710例)被診斷出來(lái)，使其成為男性和女性第二大常見癌癥(不包括皮膚癌)。這是一種致命的癌癥——2019年預(yù)計(jì)將有142670人死于這種疾病(76650名男性和66020名女性)。

Signs and Symptoms

信號(hào)和癥狀

Lung cancer typically does not offer many signs of its presence early on, which makes detecting it in its most treatable stages a difficult undertaking. Among those who do have symptoms, the most common ones, according to the American Cancer Society, are:

肺癌通常不會(huì)在早期表現(xiàn)出很多癥狀，這使得在其最可治療的階段發(fā)現(xiàn)它是一項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)。根據(jù)美國(guó)癌癥協(xié)會(huì)(American Cancer Society)的數(shù)據(jù)，在那些確實(shí)有癥狀的人中，最常見的癥狀是:

· A cough that does not go away or gets worse.

不會(huì)消失或惡化的咳嗽。

· Coughing up blood or rust-colored sputum (spit or phlegm).

咳出血或鐵銹色的痰(痰或痰)。

· Chest pain that is often worse with deep breathing, coughing or laughing.

胸痛，通常隨著深呼吸，咳嗽或大笑而更加嚴(yán)重。

· Hoarseness.

聲音嘶啞。

· Weight loss and loss of appetite.

體重減輕和食欲不振。

· Shortness of breath.

呼吸短促

· Feeling tired or weak.

感到疲倦和虛弱

· Infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia that don’t go away or keep coming back.

如支氣管炎和肺炎一樣的感染，不會(huì)消失或不斷復(fù)發(fā)。

· New onset of wheezing.

·新發(fā)作的喘息。

Lung cancer does not discriminate based on sex or race, but the primary risk factor for developing the disease is a history of smoking. Carbone says 85 percent of lung cancer patients smoked at some point in their lives, and the National Cancer Institute reports smokers have a 20 times greater risk for developing the disease than nonsmokers.

肺癌不會(huì)因性別或種族而受到歧視，但吸煙史是導(dǎo)致肺癌的主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。卡蓬說(shuō)，85%的肺癌患者在他們生命的某個(gè)階段吸煙，國(guó)家癌癥研究所報(bào)告說(shuō)，吸煙者比不吸煙者患肺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高20倍。

But it’s important to note that not all smokers will develop lung cancer, and not all lung cancer patients were smokers. Environmental exposure to inhaled carcinogens – substances that can cause cancer – and toxins such as air pollution are likely to blame for the 15 percent or so of lung cancers that occur in people who never smoked. Exposure to radon and radiation are two common contributors to the development of lung cancer.

但值得注意的是，并不是所有的吸煙者都會(huì)患肺癌，也不是所有的肺癌患者都是吸煙者。暴露在可吸入的致癌物(致癌物質(zhì))和有毒物質(zhì)(如空氣污染)的環(huán)境中，從不吸煙的人可能有15%左右的幾率患肺癌。氡和輻射是引起肺癌的兩種常見因素。

Regular screening

定期檢查

Regular screening for lung cancer is not yet a common occurrence, although people who currently or formerly smoked heavily are encouraged to monitor the health of their lungs, especially if they won’t or can’t quit smoking. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Forcerecommends annual screening with low-dose computed tomography (CT scanning) for adults 55 to 80 who have a 30-pack-a-year smoking history and currently smoke, or those who quit smokingwithin the past 15 years. Your pack-year figure is calculated by multiplying the number of packs of cigarettes you smoke or smoked daily by the number of years you have smoked. For example, if you smoked a pack a day for 30 years, your pack-year rate would be 30. The higher the number, the higher your risk of developing lung cancer.

肺癌的定期檢查還不是很常見，盡管目前或以前大量吸煙的人被鼓勵(lì)監(jiān)測(cè)自己的肺部健康狀況，特別是如果他們不愿意或不能戒煙的話。美國(guó)預(yù)防服務(wù)工作組建議每年對(duì)55到80歲的成年人進(jìn)行低劑量計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描(CT掃描)，這些人有一年30包的吸煙史，并且目前正在吸煙，或者那些在過(guò)去15年內(nèi)戒煙的人。您的年包數(shù)字是通過(guò)將您吸煙的包數(shù)或每天吸煙的數(shù)量乘以您吸煙的年數(shù)計(jì)算得出的。例如，如果你連續(xù)30年每天抽一包煙，那么你的年包費(fèi)率將是30。這個(gè)數(shù)字越高，你患肺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就越高。

Diagnosis

診斷

To diagnose lung cancer, your doctor will use X-ray or CT imaging to get a better look at your lungs. If a suspicious mass or tumor is found, your doctor may recommend additional imaging such as a PET (or positron emission tomography) scan or lung endoscopy, in which your doctor will use a scope to get a look inside your airways. A biopsy will remove a tissue sample which can then be tested to determine whether the mass is cancerous.

要診斷肺癌，醫(yī)生會(huì)使用x光或CT成像來(lái)更好地檢查你的肺部。如果發(fā)現(xiàn)可疑的腫塊或腫瘤，醫(yī)生可能會(huì)建議進(jìn)行額外的影像學(xué)檢查，如PET(或正電子發(fā)射斷層掃描)掃描或肺內(nèi)窺鏡檢查，醫(yī)生將使用內(nèi)窺鏡檢查你的氣道?；罱M織檢查將移除組織樣本，然后進(jìn)行檢測(cè)，以確定腫塊是否癌變。