令人心碎的研究表明：為什么你真的不應該對你的狗大叫

令人心碎的研究表明：為什么你真的不應該對你的狗大叫

Your dog may be the apple of your eye, but let's be honest: she is an animal, with her own instincts and idiosyncrasies, and there are going to be times when she makes you want to tear your hair out.

你的狗可能是你的掌上明珠，但老實說：她只是一種動物，有自己的本能和癖好，總有那么幾次她會讓你想把頭發(fā)扯下來。。

However much you want to, however, new research suggests that you should never yell at or otherwise punish a mischievous mutt.

然而，最新研究表明，無論你多么想這樣做，你都不應該對一只淘氣的雜種狗大吼大叫或以其他方式懲罰它。

According to a study uploaded at the end of last year to pre-print server bioRxiv, aversive training such as positive punishment and negative reinforcement can have long-term negative effects on your dog's mental state.

根據去年年底上傳到pre-print server bioRxiv上的一項研究，正面懲罰和負面強化等厭惡性訓練會對狗的精神狀態(tài)產生長期的負面影響。

"Our results show that companion dogs trained using aversive-based methods experienced poorer welfare as compared to companion dogs trained using reward-based methods, at both the short- and the long-term level," the researchers write in their paper.

研究人員在他們的論文中寫道:“我們的研究結果表明，無論是從短期還是長期來看，使用平均法訓練的伴侶狗的福利都不如使用獎勵法訓練的伴侶狗。”

"Specifically, dogs attending schools using aversive-based methods displayed more stress-related behaviours and body postures during training, higher elevations in cortisol levels after training, and were more 'pessimistic' in a cognitive bias task."

“具體來說，使用厭惡性方法上學的狗在訓練過程中表現出更多與壓力相關的行為和身體姿勢，訓練后皮質醇水平升高，在認知偏見任務中表現出更為‘悲觀’。”

This sort of research has been conducted before, and found that aversive training has negative effects, but it's primarily been on police and laboratory dogs. In addition, the aversive training tends to be shock collar training, which is only one of several tools used.

這類研究以前已經進行過，發(fā)現厭惡性訓練有負面影響，但主要是針對警犬和實驗犬。此外，厭惡訓練往往是沖擊領訓練，這只是使用的幾種工具之一。

So, led by biologist Ana Catarina Vieira de Castro of the Universidade do Porto in Portugal, the international team of researchers conducted their new study on companion dogs.

因此，在葡萄牙波爾圖大學生物學家安娜·卡塔琳娜·維埃拉·德·卡斯特羅的帶領下，國際研究小組對伴侶狗進行了新的研究。

The animals were recruited from a number of training schools in Porto - 42 dogs from three schools that use reward-based training like food treats or play, and 50 dogs from four schools that use aversive-based training, such as yelling, physically manipulating the dog, or leash-jerking.

這些動物是從波爾圖的一些訓練學校招募來的，其中42只狗來自三所學校，采用獎勵性訓練，如食物招待或玩耍;來自四所學校的50只狗，采用厭惡性訓練，如叫喊、身體操縱或抽皮帶。

Each dog was filmed during the first 15 minutes of three training sessions, and saliva samples were taken to assess stress levels from training - three from each dog relaxing at home to establish baseline levels of stress hormone cortisol, and three from each dog after training.

每只狗在三次訓練的前15分鐘被拍攝下來，唾液樣本被用來評估訓練中的壓力水平——每只狗在家放松三次以建立壓力激素皮質醇的基線水平，訓練后每只狗三次。

The researchers also analysed the dogs' behaviour during training to look for stress behaviours, such as yawning, lip-licking, paw-raising and yelping.

研究人員還分析了狗在訓練過程中的行為，以尋找壓力行為，如打哈欠、舔嘴唇、抬舉爪子和尖叫。

Unsurprisingly, the dogs in the aversive training classes showed elevated stress behaviours, particularly yawning and lip-licking. Their saliva also had significantly increased levels of cortisol compared to when they were relaxing at home.

不出所料，在厭惡訓練班的狗表現出更高的壓力行為，特別是打哈欠和舔嘴唇。他們的唾液中皮質醇的含量也比他們在家放松時顯著增加。

By contrast, the positive reinforcement dogs were pretty chill - far fewer stress behaviours, and much more normal cortisol levels.

相比之下，正強化組的狗表現得相當冷淡——它們的壓力行為少得多，皮質醇水平也正常得多。

"Critically," the researchers said, "our study points to the fact that the welfare of companion dogs trained with aversive-based methods appears to be at risk."

“關鍵的是，”研究人員說，“我們的研究指出，用厭惡性方法訓練的伴侶狗的福利似乎處于危險之中。”