演講MP3+雙語文稿:為什么湖泊和河流應(yīng)該擁有權(quán)利

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【演講者及介紹】Kelsey Leonard 水學(xué)者和保護(hù)者

Kelsey Leonard擔(dān)任國際聯(lián)合委員會(huì)大湖區(qū)水質(zhì)委員會(huì)成員。她在維護(hù)土著民族在環(huán)境規(guī)劃方面的利益上發(fā)揮了重要作用，并將當(dāng)?shù)厝说目茖W(xué)和知識(shí)納入水治理和可持續(xù)海洋的新解決辦法。

【演講主題】為什么湖泊和河流應(yīng)該和人類一樣擁有同樣的權(quán)利？

【中英文字幕】

翻譯者 chunhua zhang 校對者 Yolanda Zhang

00:01

Hello, good day, everyone. I'm from theShinnecock Nation. Tabutni to the Cahuilla peoples, whose land we gather ontoday.

大家好。我來自辛奈考克部落。感謝卡惠拉人，我們今天就聚集在他們的土地上。

00:16

I was taught that water is alive. It canhear, it holds memories. And so I brought a water vessel up with me today,because I want it to hold the memories of our conversation today.

他們教會(huì)我，水是有生命的。它可以聽，它有記憶。今天我也帶來了一個(gè)水壺，因?yàn)槲蚁胱屗４骊P(guān)于我們今天對話的記憶。

00:31

Who gets legal rights? History has shown ussome people but not others. In the United States, Indigenous peoples likemyself were not citizens under the law until 1924. My Shinnecock ancestors,pictured here, were not citizens under the law. Then why do we claim to benations governed by the rule of law if some people are protected, but notothers? Because it remains one of the best ways to fight injustice. And, asIndigenous people, we know injustice.

誰擁有法律權(quán)益？歷史表明了一部分人有，而另一部分沒有。在1924之前的美國，像我一樣的印第安土著都不是在法律上被承認(rèn)的公民。照片上，我的辛奈考克祖先，當(dāng)時(shí)都不是合法公民。如果只是部分人得到保護(hù)，那我們?yōu)槭裁催€要稱這些國家是被依法治理的呢？因?yàn)?，它仍是抗擊不公正的最佳手段之一。作為印第安土著，我們明白什么是不公正?/p>

01:14

A dear friend, mentor, water walker,Nokomis, Grandmother Josephine Mandamin-ba, she told me of a prophecy thatcomes from her people, the Anishinaabe of the Midewiwin Society. And in thatprophecy, she told me that it tells of a day that will come where an ounce ofwater costs more than an ounce of gold. When she told me that prophecy, I satfor a moment, and I thought about all of the injustices we see in our worldtoday, the water crises we see in our world today, and I said, "Nokomis,Grandmother, I feel like we are already in that time of prophecy." And shelooked back at me directly, and she said, "So what are you going to doabout it?" That's why I'm here with you today, because I believe that oneof the many solutions to solving the many water injustices we see in our worldtoday is recognizing that water is a living relation and granting it the legalpersonhood it deserves.

我的一個(gè)密友、導(dǎo)師、水行者，Josephine Mandamin-ba 奶奶，她跟我說了關(guān)于她們部落，也就是密得微文社會(huì)的 奧吉布瓦人的一則預(yù)言。在那個(gè)預(yù)言中，她告訴我有一天，一盎司的水要比一盎司的黃金還貴。聽了她的預(yù)言，我坐著思考了一會(huì)兒，我想到了我們今天在全世界見到的所有不公正，我們所見到的水危機(jī)，然后我說，“奶奶，我覺得我們好像已經(jīng)處于預(yù)言中所說的時(shí)代?！彼剡^頭來看著我，說道，“那你打算怎么做呢？”這就是我今天來到這里的原因，因?yàn)槲艺J(rèn)為，解決當(dāng)前世界眾多水資源不公的方案之一，就是承認(rèn)水是一種活體，并且賦予它應(yīng)有的法律人格。

02:25

So to do so, we need to transform the wayin which we value water. We have to start to think about how do we connect towater. Usually, someone might ask you, "What is water?" and you wouldrespond with "Rain, ocean, lake, river, H20, liquid." You might evenunderstand the sacred essentiality of water and say that water is life. Butwhat if I asked you, instead, "Who is water?" In the same way that Imight ask you, "Who is your grandmother?" "Who is yoursister?" That type of orientation fundamentally transforms the way inwhich we think about water, transforms the way in which we make decisions abouthow we might protect water, protect it in the way that you would protect yourgrandmother, your mother, your sister, your aunties. That is the type oftransformation that we need if we are going to address the many water crises wesee in our world today, these harrowing water crises that have streamed acrossour digital devices in countdowns to Day Zero, the point at which municipalwater supplies are shut off.

為此，我們需要轉(zhuǎn)變衡量水的價(jià)值的方式。我們要開始思考如何與水資源建立連接。通常，人們會(huì)問你，“什么是水？”而你可能會(huì)回答 “雨水、海洋、湖泊、江河、 H2O、液體?！?你甚至有可能明白 水的神圣的重要性，然后回答，水是生命。但如果我換個(gè)方式問你，“誰是水？”而且是用問“誰是你奶奶？”“誰是你姐姐？”這樣的方式去問。這種表述方式從根本上轉(zhuǎn)變了我們看待水的方式，轉(zhuǎn)變了我們制定保護(hù)水資源的決策的方式，要像保護(hù)你的祖母、媽媽、姐妹、阿姨一樣保護(hù)水資源。如果我們想要解決今天所面臨的諸多水危機(jī)，那么這種轉(zhuǎn)變正是我們所需要的，這些令人痛心的水危機(jī)從一開始，也就是城市供水被切斷那一刻起，就在我們的電子設(shè)備上刷屏了。

03:41

Places like Cape Town, South Africa, wherein 2018, residents were limited to two-minute showers and 23 gallons of waterper day per person, or just this past summer, where the mismanagement of waterled the streets of Chennai to be lined with thousands of plastic water jugs asresidents waited hours for water tankers to deliver water, first by rail, thenby truck, to meet their daily needs. Or even here in the United States, one ofthe most developed nations in the world. Today, Flint, Michigan still does nothave clean water.

例如南非的開普敦，在 2018 年就規(guī)定居民洗澡不得超過兩分鐘，每人每天用水不得超過 23 加侖, 又例如剛過去的這個(gè)夏天，因?yàn)閷λY源的管理不善，導(dǎo)致印度欽奈的街頭出現(xiàn)了數(shù)千只塑料水壺排隊(duì)的場景，這些都是當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駷榱巳〉萌粘Ｋ璧挠盟撕脦讉€(gè)小時(shí)等待送水車的到來，這些水先被火車運(yùn)過來，再裝到卡車上。甚至就在美國，這個(gè)世界上最發(fā)達(dá)的國家之一，在密歇根州的弗林特市，至今還沒有干凈的飲用水。

04:20

But you are likely unfamiliar with thesewater crises, such as Neskantaga First Nation in Northern Ontario, Canada,where residents have been on a boil water advisory since 1995. Or GrassyNarrows First Nation, which for decades has been dealing with watercontamination from the paper mill industry and where a recent study found thatnearly 90 percent of the Indigenous population has some form of mercurypoisoning, causing severe health complications.

但是你很可能對以下的水危機(jī)不是很熟悉，例如加拿大安大略省北部的納斯坎塔加原住民地，這里的居民從 1995 年開始就被建議要把水燒開再飲用。又例如在 Grassy Narrows First Nation，人們這幾十年來一直 在處理由造紙行業(yè) 所引起的水污染問題，而最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，將近 90% 的當(dāng)?shù)赝林丝诙汲霈F(xiàn)了不同程度的汞中毒，導(dǎo)致了嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥。

Oreven right here in Palm Springs, California, where the Agua Caliente Band ofCahuilla Indians has been fighting for decades to protect groundwater fromexploitation so that future generations can not only live but thrive in theirhomelands, as they have since time immemorial.

甚至就在此地，加利福尼亞的棕櫚泉，卡惠拉印第安人的阿瓜卡特部落為了保護(hù)地下水資源不被過度開采而斗爭了數(shù)十年，以此來保證他們的后代不僅能在他們的故土生息，更能夠長久的繁榮下去，就像他們一路從遠(yuǎn)古走過來所經(jīng)歷的一樣。

05:34

You see, a recent study by DIGDEEP and theUS Water Alliance found that race, in the United States, is the strongestpredictor of water and sanitation access, and that for us, as Native Americanpeople, we are the group most likely to have access issues as it comes to waterand sanitation. So, as an Indigenous legal scholar and scientist, I believethat many of these water injustices are the result of the Western legalsystem's failure to recognize the legal personhood of water.

DIGDEEP 和美國水資源聯(lián)盟 最近的一份研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，種族在美國 強(qiáng)烈預(yù)示著獲取水資源 和公共衛(wèi)生的難易程度，就拿我們來說，作為美國的原住民，我們是最可能在獲取水資源和公共衛(wèi)生方面面臨各種問題的。因此，作為一個(gè)土著法學(xué)家和科學(xué)家，我認(rèn)為，很多的水資源分配不公都是西方法律系統(tǒng)無法承認(rèn)水的法律人格的結(jié)果。

06:08

And so we must ask ourselves -- who isjustice for? Humanity alone? We've granted legal personhood to corporations. Inthe US, the Supreme Court found in "Citizens United" that acorporation was a person with similar protections under the Constitution, suchas freedom of speech, and applied similar reasoning in "Hobby Lobby,"finding that a corporation had the right to freedom of religion in defenseagainst the implementation of the Affordable Care Act for its employees.

因此我們必須問問自己——我們的公平是為了誰而存在？僅僅是人類自己嗎？我們授予了公司法人地位。在美國，最高法院裁決“聯(lián)合公民”組織這一非盈利公司 享有跟公民一樣的 受憲法保護(hù)的各項(xiàng)權(quán)利，比如言論自由，并且將同樣的推理 用在了“HobbyLobby"案上，裁定企業(yè)擁有宗教自由的權(quán)利以對抗《平價(jià)醫(yī)療法案》在員工身上的實(shí)施。

06:40

Now, these are controversial cases, and asa Shinnecock woman and a legal scholar, they make me question the moral compassof the Western world, where you can grant legal personhood to a corporation butnot nature. You see, legal personhood grants us the ability to be visible in acourt of law, and to have our voices heard as a person protected under the law.And so if you can grant that to a corporation, why not the Great Lakes? Why notthe Mississippi River? Why not the many waterways across our planet that we alldepend on to survive?

這都是一些有爭議的案件，而作為一個(gè)辛奈考克女性以及法學(xué)家，它們讓我對西方世界的道德指南針有了疑問，你可以授予企業(yè)法律人格，卻不能授予自然同樣的權(quán)利。法律人格賦予我們在法庭上被看到的能力，讓我們作為受法律保護(hù)的人能夠發(fā)出自己的聲音。如果你能將這些權(quán)利授予一個(gè)企業(yè)，那么為什么不能授予五大湖？為什么不能授予密西西比河？為什么不能授予我們賴以生存的密布在這個(gè)星球上的眾多水資源？

07:25

We know we are in a global climate crisis,but globally, our waters are also threatened, and we are facing a global watercrisis, and if we want to address these crises in our lifetime, we need tochange. We need to fundamentally transform the way in which we value water. Andthis is not something new for us as Indigenous peoples. Our Indigenous legalsystems have a foundational principle of understanding our nonhuman relationsas being living and protected under our laws. And even for the Western world,environmental legal theorists have argued for the rights of nature since the1970s. But we need to do better. We need to change. And we need to grant legalpersonhood to water, because it affords the following rights and protections.It grants water the right to exist, flourish, and naturally evolve, and most ofall, it protects the water from us, from human beings that would do it harm,from human-caused climate-change impacts, from pollutants, and from man-made contamination.Moreover, it reverses the accepted hierarchy of humanity's domination overnature. As human beings on this planet, we are not superior to other beings onthis planet. We are not superior to the water itself. We have to learn how tobe good stewards again.

我們知道，全世界現(xiàn)在正經(jīng)歷氣候危機(jī)，但是從全球來看，我們的水域也正在遭受威脅，我們正面臨一場全球水危機(jī)，如果我們想要在有生之年解決這些危機(jī)，就需要做出改變。我們需要從根本上轉(zhuǎn)變我們衡量水的價(jià)值的方式。而作為土著人民，這些對我們來說并不新鮮。

08:56

We often imagine that the world is filledwith infinite water. In fact, it's not. This planet, Ohke, Mother Earth, hasvery finite freshwater resources. Currently, nearly two billion people live incountries experiencing high water stress. It is also estimated that by 2030, upto 700 million people could be displaced, worldwide, due to water scarcity.

我們的土著法律系統(tǒng)中有一個(gè)將我們與非人類的關(guān)系理解為有生命且受法律保護(hù)的基本原則。即便是在西方世界，自 1970 年代起，環(huán)境法律理論家也已經(jīng)開始為自然的權(quán)利而爭辯。但是我們需要做得更好。我們需要改變。我們需要賦予水法律上的人格，因?yàn)樗芴峁┫鄳?yīng)的權(quán)利和保護(hù)。它授予水資源生存、繁榮以及自然進(jìn)化的權(quán)利，最重要的是，它能保護(hù)水資源遠(yuǎn)離會(huì)傷害到它的人類，遠(yuǎn)離人類導(dǎo)致的氣候變化的影響，遠(yuǎn)離污染物，以及遠(yuǎn)離人為污染。此外，它還顛覆了公認(rèn)的人類對自然界的統(tǒng)治地位。作為這個(gè)星球上的人類，我們并不比其它的眾生更高級。我們也并不比水更高級。我們需要重新學(xué)習(xí)如何成為一個(gè)好管家。

09:25

We have to address this crisis. And so it'stime for us to change. We have to transform the way in which we value water.And we can do that. We can learn to be good stewards again. We can create lawsthrough which we grant legal personhood to water. We can start to honor theoriginal treaties between Indigenous peoples and non-Indigenous peoples forwater protection. We can appoint guardians for the water that ensure thewater's rights are always protected. We can also develop water-qualitystandards that have a holistic approach, that ensure the well-being of thewater before our human needs. And moreover, we can work to dismantle exclusiveproperty ownership over water.

我們經(jīng)常想象世界上的水資源是無窮無盡的，但事實(shí)并非如此。這個(gè)星球，我們的地球母親，她所擁有的淡水資源是非常有限的。如今，全世界將近 20 億人生活在水資源極度匱乏的國家。據(jù)估計(jì)到 2030 年，全世界將會(huì)有多達(dá) 7 億的人口因水資源短缺而流離失所。

10:11

And there are amazing successful examplesof this around the world. The Whanganui River in Aotearoa, in New Zealand, andthe Ganges River in India were both granted legal personhood in 2017. And eventhis year, the residents of the city of Toledo recognized the legal personalityof Lake Erie. And right here in California, the Yurok Tribe granted legalpersonhood to the Klamath River.

我們必須得解決這些危機(jī)。因此，是時(shí)候做出改變了。我們必須改變衡量水的價(jià)值的方式。而且我們能夠做到。我們可以重新學(xué)習(xí)做一個(gè)好的管家。我們可以立法來將法律人格授予水。我們可以開始致敬那些土著居民和非土著居民為了保護(hù)水資源而簽訂的最初的協(xié)議。我們可以指定一位守護(hù)者，以確保水資源的各項(xiàng)權(quán)利總是受到保護(hù)。我們還可以開發(fā)一套經(jīng)過整體分析的，確保水的福祉優(yōu)先于人類需求的水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。此外，我們還可以去除對于水的專屬所有權(quán)。

10:39

You see, I imagine a world where we value wateras a living relation, where we work to restore our connection to water. Aswomen, we are water carriers. We nurture water in our wombs for nine months.It's the first medicine that each of us as human beings is exposed to. See, weare all born as human beings with a natal connection to water, but somewherealong the way, we lost that connection, and we have to work to restore it.Because I imagine a world in which water is healthy and ecosystems arethriving. I imagine a world where each of us takes up our right ofresponsibility as water citizens and protects water.

在全球范圍內(nèi)已經(jīng)有了一些驚人的成功案例。例如新西蘭的旺格努伊河，以及印度的恒河都在 2017 年被授予法律人格。就在今年，托萊多市的居民承認(rèn)了伊利湖的法律人格。而就在此地，加利福利亞，Yurok 部落授予了克拉馬斯河法律人格。

11:29

So, in the words of Nokomis, what are yougoing to do about it? What are you going to do for the water? Well, you cancall your local politician. You can go to a town meeting. You can advocate forgranting legal personhood to water. You can be like the residents of the cityof Toledo and build from the grass roots, and craft your own legislation if thepoliticians won't write it, recognizing legal personality of water. You canlearn about the Indigenous lands and waters that you now occupy and theIndigenous legal systems that still govern them. And most of all, you canconnect to water. You can restore that connection. Go to the water closest toyour home, and find out why it is threatened. But most of all, if you doanything, I ask that you make a promise to yourself, that each day, you willask, "What have I done for the water today?" If we are able tofulfill that promise, I believe we can create a bold and brilliant world wherefuture generations are able to form the same relationship to water that we havebeen privileged to have, where all communities of human and nonhuman relationshave water to live, because water is life.

我想象了一個(gè)我們將水視為生命，并努力重建與水的聯(lián)系的世界。作為女人，我們是水的載體。我們用九個(gè)月的時(shí)間在子宮里孕育水（中的生命）。它是我們作為人類所接觸到的第一劑良藥。作為人類，我們天生就與水有一種聯(lián)系，只不過后來我們失去了這種聯(lián)系，我們需要去重建它。因?yàn)槲蚁胂罅艘粋€(gè)水資源很健康，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)也欣欣向榮的世界。我想象了一個(gè)所有人都承擔(dān)起自己作為水的居民的責(zé)任，去保護(hù)水的世界。正如奶奶所說，你打算怎么做呢？你打算為水做些什么？你可以聯(lián)系當(dāng)?shù)氐恼渭摇Ｄ憧梢匀⒓渔?zhèn)上的會(huì)議。你可以倡導(dǎo)將法律人格授予水。你也可以像托萊多的居民一樣從基礎(chǔ)做起，如果政治家們不幫你，那就自己起草法律承認(rèn)水的法律人格。你可以去了解你現(xiàn)在所占有的，但仍然被原住民法律系統(tǒng)所管轄的那些原住民的土地和水域。最重要的是，你可以跟水建立聯(lián)系。你可以重建那種聯(lián)系。去離你家最近的水域看看，找出它為什么受到威脅。然而最重要的是，不管你做任何事，請你對自己承諾，每一天，你都要問一下自己“我今天為水做了什么？”如果我們都能遵守這個(gè)承諾，我相信我們能創(chuàng)造一個(gè)勇敢和輝煌的世界，在這個(gè)世界里，我們的后代能夠同樣跟水建立起我們曾經(jīng)有幸擁有的那種關(guān)系，所有的人類和非人類都能獲得賴以生存的水資源，因?yàn)樗褪巧?/p>

12:58

Tabutni. Thank you.

謝謝

13:00

(Applause)

（掌聲）