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細(xì)說英語粗話:19. Bum

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2019年05月05日

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19. Bum

 bum 屁股,吃閑飯者,游手好閑者,懶鬼,游民,癟三,吊兒郎當(dāng)?shù)倪\(yùn)動員,熱衷休閑活動者,劣等的,廉價的,壞了的,錯誤的,假的,行乞,討,央求,搭便車,賦閑

 bumfuck 可憎恨的人,白癡,卑鄙家伙

 two-bit bum 不足掛齒的懶鬼

 stumble bum 笨手笨腳的人

 beach bum 熱衷海灘活動者

 bummer 令人不快的經(jīng)驗

 bummed out 失望的,憂郁的,悲傷的,沮喪的

 bum around 閑待著,閑蕩著,四處游蕩

 on the bum 酒喝得醉醺醺的,既無固定住所且無收入,不能令人滿意的,壞的,受傷的

Bum 自十九世紀(jì)中期始見于美國文獻(xiàn),可當(dāng)名詞、動詞、形容詞。當(dāng)名詞,作“屁股”解時,美國文獻(xiàn)中例子不少,指“吃閑飯者”謂逃避工作、無固定收入者,與 vagrant同義;作“起不了作用的人”解,常指庸官政客、球賽裁判、企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人等之表現(xiàn)平庸者;beach bum 在海灘上度日者,有褒貶二義,請看例句;bummer令人不快或不舒服的經(jīng)驗,如 I had diarrhea for a whole week. A bummer!(我一連七天拉肚子,真不舒服!)。Bum當(dāng)形容詞時,作“受傷未痊愈的”或“殘障的”(身體部位,如腿、胳膊、膝部、手腕、心臟等)及“沒價值的、不好的、假的”解,如 bum advice(餿建議)、a bum check (空頭支票)、a bum deal(不利的一筆交易)、 a bum rap(誤判)等;bummed out 作“失望的、沮喪的”解,如 Her boyfriend died in a car crash. She was bummed out for days. (她男友車禍喪生,使她沮喪多日);也作“生氣”解,請看例句。另 on the bum 是形容詞短語,如 He’s been on the bum for two years already.(他既居無定所,又無收入已有兩年了);如后隨副詞around,

作“閑待著,閑蕩著”之意。Bum作“屁股”解語氣粗俗,正式社交場所勸勿使用;作“吃閑飯”等有貶人之意,且系負(fù)面字眼,但已無罵人之意。

Bum 用以——罵人,貶人,損人

1. bum 流浪漢、吃閑飯的人、飯桶

A. …and the checkout man said,“You bum,you thief,these what You’re looking for?” and held up a toothbrush and the toothpaste.“You’re lucky we don’t hold you for the cops…”

(The Literary Review,2/1/97)

……男柜臺員說:“你這個浪子,你這個癟三,你找的是這些嗎?”便舉起牙刷一把、牙膏一支?!八隳氵\(yùn)氣好,不送你去警局。”

注:

摘錄自 Stephen Dixon著“Gould at the Market”一文。

A. Partly because of beach volleyball’s1 reputation for rowdiness, Jon Stevenson’s dad wouldn’t let him hang out2 at the sand courts when he was in junior high school in Manhattan Beach3 in the early ’70s. “There was a stigma attached to those guys,” Stevenson says. “Some people saw them as bums, party animals, malcontents.”

(USA Today,6/5/96)

1970年代初,斯迪文生在曼哈頓海灘區(qū)念初中時,其父不讓他逗留在沙灘球場上,部分原因是,打沙灘排球有喧鬧的惡名。斯迪文生說:“那些球手被蒙上污名,有人視他們?yōu)槔俗?、喝酒鬧事的人及不滿現(xiàn)狀者?!?

注:

1. beach volleyball 沙灘排球,通常是一隊兩個人打的。

2. hang out 此處作在某處“逗留,流連忘返”解;另有“在外頭”之意,如 Let it all hang out是“讓(心情、感受等)表露無遺”。

3. Manhattan Beach 美國加州南部一社區(qū)。

A. I want this no-face character dead and I want Tracy1 dead. What’s the matter,you bums forgotten2 how to kill people?

(Dick Tracy(1990/1)影片中的對白)

這個無名家伙和崔希我都要他們死。怎么搞的?你們吃閑飯的忘了如何殺人嗎?

注:

1. Dick Tracy 美國警探卡通人物。Dick也是男人名字 Richard 的昵稱,又是“警探”的俗語,以 Tracy 為姓,是 trace (跟蹤,追蹤,探查)的雙關(guān)語。此乃卡通人物拍成電影之例,其他的有超人(Superman)、蝙蝠俠(Batman)等。

2. you bums forgotten 即 have you bums forgotten 的口語簡化。

A. You don’t understand. I coulda1 had class. I coulda been a contender. I coulda been somebody,instead of a bum,which is what I am,let’s face it.

(On the Waterfront(1954)影片中的對白)

你不了解,我本來可以有風(fēng)度,我本來可以作為奮發(fā)向上的人,我本來可以出人頭地,而不是個流浪漢,可是面對現(xiàn)實,我就是個流浪漢。

注:

1. coulda 即說快的could have。文中此類過去完成時乃過去虛擬語氣,與事實相反。

A. That’s another that the ref1 ruled a foul2.

裁判又判了個犯規(guī)。

B. He must be blind! Throw the bum out!

他瞎了眼!叫那飯桶滾蛋啊!

注:

1. ref 裁判,即 referee的簡寫。

2. rule a foul rule (vt.)是法院或裁判的裁定、判決。此處foul指在拳擊比賽中“違規(guī)的打擊”。另棒球有 foul ball(界外球)。

A. The team has lost six in a row1. A bunch of bums,that’s what they are。

那支球隊一連輸了六場,的確是一群飯桶。

注:

1. in a row 連續(xù)地,成一排地,是副詞短語。

2. bumfuck 白癡,可憎可恨的人,卑鄙無恥的家伙

A. Hey,bumfuck,you don’t light up1 at a gas station.

喂,白癡,不許在加油站點燃香煙。

注:

1. light up 點燃香煙,也作“變得歡欣”,“挽救”,“點燃”,“輕松點!”,如 Her face lights up when her boyfriend calls. (她的男友打電話來時,她滿臉笑容。)You light up my life. (你是我的太陽。)另有 lighten up!(輕松點!)是勸人別太嚴(yán)肅。

A. Some bumfuck stole my car keys.

不知哪個可惡的家伙竊取了我的汽車鑰匙。

B. Can I give you a lift1 home?

我可以載你回家嗎?

注:

1. give…a lift 給(某人)搭車,送人一程;也作“助人一臂之力”解。

3. two-bit bum 令人不屑的流浪漢

A. Rudy Giuliani1 has no business denying a two-bit2 bum like Khalid3 a parade permit,thus pitting him against4 Thomas Jefferson5.

(Daily News,9/7/98)

朱利安尼沒有資格拒不批準(zhǔn)游行許可證給卡利得那個令人不屑的浪子。如此一來,他將與杰弗遜媲美。

注:

1. Giuliani 朱利安尼,當(dāng)時任紐約市市長。

2. two-bit (俚)值(區(qū)區(qū))美金二角五分錢的。

3. Khalid 卡利得,據(jù)報稱,他是黑人權(quán)利激進(jìn)分子,申請舉辦百萬青年游行許可證時,因過去演講有挑釁種族言詞(race-baiting language),唯恐釀成騷動,而被市政府拒絕。

4. thus pitting him against… 這樣一來,可與……媲美,是現(xiàn)在分詞短語,上面的事項是 pitting 的邏輯主語。

5. Jefferson 杰弗遜,美國第三任總統(tǒng),一生標(biāo)榜言論自由。

4. stumble bum 糊涂的人或事

A. We1 don’t know if the stumble-bum staff management policies the Cracker Barrel chain2 appears to embrace3 are a good thing or a bad thing. Apparently,Penny’s not impressed4 and took it upon herself5 to do something about it.

(Capital Times(Madison,WI),1/3/98)

餅干桶連鎖餐廳糊涂的員工管理政策是好是壞,不得而知,顯然地,潘妮不敢領(lǐng)教,她自行應(yīng)付這個[問題]。

注:

1. we 文中四位餐廳評審員談?wù)劜蛷d員工服務(wù)不周的問題。

2. Cracker Barrel chain 在美國的餅干桶連鎖餐廳。

3. appears to embrace 指現(xiàn)在所接納的(政策)。

4. Penny’s not impressed 該餐廳女侍潘妮不受感動,喻“不贊成”。

5. took it upon herself 她攬到自己身上,自行應(yīng)付食客對服務(wù)不滿之指責(zé)。

Bum 當(dāng)名詞,作“屁股、個人自稱、在下、閣下、他老兄”解

A. I actually saw a guy drop his drawers and bare1 his bum right on the subway.

我在地鐵上真的看到一個家伙脫掉內(nèi)褲,亮出他的臀部。

B. I heard about the practice. It’s called“mooning”.

這個行為我聽過,叫做“月亮光光”。

A. He was probably on drugs2 or drunk.

他大概在吸毒或酒醉了。

注:

1. saw a guy 可后跟動詞原形drop…及bare…,作賓語 a guy 的補(bǔ)語。

2. on drugs 是成語,“犯毒癮”之意,形容詞功能。

A. Ain’t no place1 for a kid. Get your bum outta2 here,now!

這里不是小孩子該來的地方,閣下現(xiàn)在趕快給我滾!

B. Can’t I just have a peek?

偷看一下都不可以嗎?

注:

1. Ain’t no place… 主語This/That/It省略,此處是雙重否定,為教育程度低的美國人常用,是This isn’t a place for…的口語化。

2. outta 即說快了的 out of。

Bum 當(dāng)名詞——跟隨 beach,ski,tennis 等運(yùn)動或休閑活動時,作“對……有狂熱”(an obsessive enthusiast of a sport or activity)解。bummer 是令人不快或不舒服的經(jīng)驗

1. beach bum 海灘浪子

A. Beach bums eat,drink and sleep volleyball.

海灘浪子[排球掛帥],吃、喝、睡覺都離不開排球。

A. People who hung around on Southern California beaches in those days1-volleyballers,surfers,body buiders—were among the first groups in postwar America to become known for2 openly displaying a disdain for authority and the American work ethic3 … the folks on the beach weren’t much interested in family values. They were sometimes called beach bums.

(Time,9/23/96)

從前,逗留加州南部海灘上的人——排球手、沖浪者、練健美者——在戰(zhàn)后美國成為眾所周知的首批公然蔑視公權(quán)力及美國式的勞動價值觀者……海灘族對家庭價值觀沒多大興趣,他們有時候被稱為海灘浪子。

注:

1. in those days 指1950年代。

2. become (is) known for 以……出名,become在此為 linking verb,同 be一樣,但意義有點不同。for…可后隨名詞或動名詞短語,如 He became known for his philanthropy. (他的善行已眾所周知。) She became known for displaying courage in the face of hardship (她面對艱難有勇氣是眾所皆知的);He is known for his impressionist paintings. (他以畫印象派畫而出名。)

3. American work ethic 美國式的勞動倫理或價值觀,即“要勤奮,對工作要有責(zé)任感”。

A. …a writer to a local weekly newspaper described Falkenstien—and the alliance1—as “downtrodden beach bums”,“rats”,“rebels without a clue” and “misguided misfits”. The letter also said:“They should be run out of town by every resident that loves the South Bay.”

(L.A.Times,6/14/97)

……某地方周報一讀者投稿,指法肯斯丁及其同盟者為“被蹂躪的海灘浪子”、“鼠輩”、“執(zhí)迷不悟的反叛者”及“誤入歧途的未能適應(yīng)環(huán)境者”。信上也說:“每一個愛南灣區(qū)的居民都應(yīng)該把他們趕走?!?

注:

1. Falkenstien 法肯斯丁系環(huán)保激進(jìn)分子,與志同道合者組織聯(lián)盟(alliance),興訟阻止在當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)海灘舉行海灘排球大賽,使大賽移軍他區(qū),致當(dāng)?shù)厣痰觊T可羅雀,而遭讀者投稿嚴(yán)厲指責(zé)。

A. …Texas received a “beach bum” designation from a national environmental organization critical of the state’s limited monitoring of coastal waters.

(The Dallas Morning News—Associated Press,8/5/98)

……德州監(jiān)督其沿海[污染]不力,遭一全國性環(huán)保組織斥為“海灘浪子”。

A. Rusty’s1 regular customers are a denim-clad and Dockers2 kind of crowd that likes draft beer and fries with burgers.We’re talking honest-to-goodness3 beach bums4 here.

(L.A.Times,5/21/98)

路斯迪餐廳的老主顧是一群身著牛仔裝、卡其褲,愛喝生啤酒、吃薯條及漢堡包的人,他們就是地道的海灘浪子。

注:

1. Rusty’s 美國加州南部圣瑪妮卡市一海邊餐廳。

2. Dockers 系美國 Levi 服裝工廠制品。

3. honest-to-goodness 地道的,真正的,可做形容詞及副詞用。

4. beach bum 此處顯無貶意,只是一種戲稱。

A. … But because I am an avid beach bum. I took selfish pleasure in the more people were diving,the fewer there were on the beach. Even with nearly 200 guests on this small 100-acre island1,I often had entire beaches to myself.

(The Dallas Morning News,5/17/98)

……但是因為我愛逗留在海灘上,我因越多人去潛水,就越少人在沙灘上而竊喜。雖然這個大小一百英畝的小島上有近兩百位游客,但我經(jīng)常一個人在獨(dú)自享受整個海灘哩。

注:

1. 文中主角談去馬爾代夫群島(Maldives)旅行的觀感。此處 beach bum亦無貶意。

2. fish bum 以釣魚為樂的人

A. A fishbum is not a guide,although many start out as one. A fishbum is not a dilettante. A fishbum is a person who creates a life’s work,an oeuvre1,with fishing at its core….

(Sports Afield,6/1/94)

酷愛釣魚的人雖然很多最初是指導(dǎo)員,但現(xiàn)在不是指導(dǎo)員。以釣魚為生活方式的人不是一知半解的業(yè)余愛好者,而是畢生以釣魚為核心的工作……

注:

1. oeuvre 終身事業(yè),專業(yè)。

3. ski bum 熱衷于滑雪者

A. “There are very few ski bums anymore,” Mrs.Nockles said. That’s not entirely true,says Christopher “Topher” Guertin,a 21-year-old ski instructor.“The ski bum is alive and well,” he said. Mr.Guertin is living proof. He dropped out after studying English for 1 1/2 years at the University of Vermont… “I wasn’t passionate about going to school.” Skiing was a different story. “It’s my passion—what I live for,”… It’s more of a lifestyle for me,”he said.

(Albany Times Union,1/4/98)

娜蔻絲女士說:“如今對滑雪有狂熱者寥寥無幾?!倍粴q滑雪教練葛爾丁說:“那不盡然,狂愛滑雪者大有人在?!备鹣壬腔钌淖C明,他在佛蒙特州立大學(xué)念了一年半的英文就輟學(xué)……他說:“我并不熱衷于上學(xué),滑雪就不同,是我所熱愛的,我為滑雪而活。對我而言,滑雪多少算是一種生活方式?!?

注:

1. ski bum 尤指穿梭各滑雪度假山莊,以邊做臨時工邊滑雪自娛的年輕男士。另有g(shù)olf bum(高爾夫球狂),tennis bum(網(wǎng)球狂)等。

4. bummer 令人不快、不舒服的經(jīng)驗,掃興

A. I had to work three straight weekends to get that project finished.

我為了完成那個項目,連續(xù)三個周末都得加班。

B. Bummer!

多么掃興啊!

Bum 當(dāng)形容詞——有“殘廢的”(disabled),“沒價值的、不好的、不公的、不利的,假的、錯誤的”;bummed out有“生氣的、憂郁的、沮喪的”之意

1. bum 殘廢的、無價值的、假的、不公平的、錯誤的

A. That car accident gave me a bum leg.

我的腿因車禍而殘廢。

A. He listened to some bum advice,and lost his shirt1 in the stock market.

他聽信一些餿建議,結(jié)果玩股票大賠老本。

注:

1. lose one’s shirt 因賭博而輸?shù)镁狻?

A. After passing hundreds of bum checks,they finally got caught.

他們開了數(shù)百張空頭支票之后,終于被逮捕。

A. From bonanza to bum deal? To date,the average Social Security1 beneficiary has enjoyed a positive “return” on payroll taxes2 paid into the system. Twenty-first century retirees,however,will get back less than they put in.

(U.S. News & World Report,4/20/98)

鴻福不再?至目前為止,一般社會福利的受益者所付出的薪資稅較領(lǐng)回的福利金少,到二十一世紀(jì)中退休者則不然,他們要付出較多,卻領(lǐng)回較少。

注:

1. Social Security 指美國總統(tǒng)羅斯福于1935年推動的老人退休福利金制度。beneficiary 指領(lǐng)取社福金的受益者。

2. payroll taxes 指繳給聯(lián)邦政府社福金信托基金(Social Security Trust Fund)的薪資稅捐。據(jù)估計,該基金到2012年將開始入不敷出,到2029年將會破產(chǎn),故有上說。

A. Whites grouse that affirmative action1 has given them a bum deal;blacks complain they still can’t get a fair shake.

(The Dallas Morning News,11/14/97)

白人埋怨平等待遇對他們不利,而黑人則抱怨仍得不到公平對待。

注:

1. affirmative action 系1960年代美國黑人公民權(quán)利運(yùn)動的產(chǎn)物。依法規(guī)定,在求職雇用、學(xué)校教育、承包合同(contracting decisions)等方面,少數(shù)民族和婦女要受到特別照顧(special consideration)。

A. Some death-row prisoners claim they got a bum rap.

有些死刑犯聲稱自己被誤判。

B. DNA testing has been proven effective in exonerating a few of them.

其中有的經(jīng)基因驗證已有效地還他們的清白。

A. How many investor dollars are lost at the expense of bum tips and erroneous data?

誤人的秘訣及錯誤的資料所導(dǎo)致的投資金額損失有多少?

2. bummed out 生氣,茫然沮喪(形容詞短語,與be,get,leave,make連用)

A. Sandy was just teasing you. No need to get bummed out.

仙笛只是在逗你的,不必生氣嘛!

A. A life of drugs and alcohol left her bummed out. She often contemplated suicide.

一生吸毒酗酒,使她憂郁沮喪,她常想要自殺。

B. There are support groups for people like that. Suicide is never an option.

自殺萬萬不可。有戒癮會可以幫助那種人。

On the Bum 過無業(yè)游民的生活

A. Ever since he lost this job he’s been on the bum.

失業(yè)以來,他過著無業(yè)游民的生活。

B. Not being able to find work1 is tough on some people.

對某些人而言,找不到工作是一種打擊。

注:

1. not being able to find work 是動名詞短語(gerundial phrase),當(dāng)主語用。因為要配合形容詞able,故要用be的動名詞being形態(tài),注意不是現(xiàn)在分詞(present participle)。

Bum 當(dāng)動詞時——行乞,憂郁、沮喪,使煩惱、困擾;bum around 指“偷懶,賦閑,孵豆芽”;bum out 釋為“使煩惱,困擾(irk,annoy),受激怒(irritated),憂郁、沮喪”

1. bum,bumming 乞討,沮喪,困擾;賦閑

A. In our Air Force unit,there was this guy who was always bumming cigarettes and asking for small loans.

在我們空軍單位有一個家伙,老是向人要香煙并乞求小額貸款。

B. I know the type. They never seem to be able to pay you back.

那種人我曉得,他們似乎永遠(yuǎn)無法還錢。

A. The General Media1 automotive group employs about 40 people and most employees in the company’s offices were worried that they will soon be out of jobs. “We’re bumming,” said one insider at the General Media titles2.

(N.Y.Post,2/12/99)

通用媒體公司旗下的汽車雜志部雇員約四十人。該部各辦公室多數(shù)人擔(dān)憂將要失業(yè)。通用媒體雜志一內(nèi)部人士說:“我們感到苦惱?!?

注:

1. General Media 通用媒體公司,當(dāng)時已決定割讓其旗下汽車雜志群。

2. titles 指其刊物名稱,共有四種。

A. One woman brought a 2-year old boy who halfway into the trip began throwing temper tantrums. That bummed everybody on the bus.

巴士上有一位女乘客帶個兩歲的男孩,半路上小孩開始鬧脾氣,使車上的人煩惱不已。

A. What’s Erik doing these days?

近來艾利克在做些什么事?

B. He’s between jobs. Just bumming.

還沒找到新工作,在賦閑著呢。

2. bum around 賦閑

A. Ponyboy:… if you had the sense of a billy goat1,you’d clean your house up ’stead2 of bumming ’round3 ours.

(The Outsiders(1983)影片中的對白)

馬童:……如果你稍有常識,你會整理自己的住宅,不會在咱們家閑待著。

注:

1. had the sense of a billy goat (俚)借“雄山羊的常識”來喻“稍明事理”,是現(xiàn)在的虛擬句式,用過去簡單式動詞。

2. ’stead 系 instead 的口語簡化。

3. ’round 系 around 的口語簡化。

3. bum out 使失望、憂郁、沮喪:使激怒、煩惱(anger or annoy);考砸(學(xué)生用語:“考試成績不及格或太差”)

A. Flunking that French Literature exam1 bummed her out.

她考法國文學(xué)未及格,使她沮喪不已。

B. It was tough. I barely passed myself.

考題是難了點,我也剛好過關(guān)哩。

注:

1. Flunking… “考法國文學(xué)不及格”之事,又是動名詞短語,當(dāng)主語用。

A. (one editor to another) Spelling errors and grammar mistakes get on my nerves.

(兩位編輯對談)錯字及錯誤的語法使我煩躁。

B. What really bums me out is when writers keep making the same dumb mistakes over and over.

最令我討厭的是撰文者愚蠢地一再犯同樣的錯誤。

A. If I bum out on my math final,my uncle says he won’t take me to London this summer.

我如果考砸數(shù)學(xué)期末考,叔叔說暑假不帶我去倫敦玩了。


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