吃貨的噩耗！氣候變化正令10種食物變得瀕危

拜氣候變化所賜，我們不但要適應(yīng)更炎熱的天氣，而且能吃到的美食也更少了。你最愛的一些美食可能在30年后就吃不到了，來看看哪些食物會(huì)因?yàn)闅夂蜃兓?ldquo;瀕危”?

1 Coffee 咖啡

Whether or not you try to limit yourself to one cup of coffee a day, the effects of climate change on the world's coffee-growing regions may leave you little choice.

不論你是否試著讓自己每天只喝一杯咖啡，氣候變化對(duì)全世界咖啡種植區(qū)的影響恐怕會(huì)讓你別無選擇。

Coffee plantations in South America, Africa, Asia, and Hawaii are all being threatened by rising air temperatures and erratic rainfall patterns, which invite disease and invasive species to infest the coffee plant and ripening beans. The result? Significant cuts in coffee yield (and less coffee in your cup).

氣溫升高和降雨模式異常給南美、非洲、亞洲和夏威夷的咖啡種植園帶來了病害和入侵物種，對(duì)咖啡植株和成長(zhǎng)中的咖啡豆造成了威脅。結(jié)果就是咖啡收成大幅下降(你能喝到的咖啡自然也就少了)。

Organizations like Australia's Climate Institute estimate that, if current climate patterns continue, half of the areas presently suitable for coffee production won't be by the year 2050.

澳洲氣候研究所等組織估計(jì)，如果當(dāng)前的氣候模式持續(xù)，到2050年現(xiàn)在的咖啡種植區(qū)有一半將不再適合種植咖啡。

2 Chocolate 巧克力

Coffee's culinary cousin, cacao (aka chocolate), is also suffering stress from global warming's rising temperatures. But for chocolate, it isn't the warmer climate alone that's the problem. Cacao trees actually prefer warmer climates... as long as that warmth is paired with high humidity and abundant rain (i.e., a rainforest climate). According to the 2014 report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the problem is, the higher temperatures projected for the world's leading chocolate-producing countries (Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Indonesia) are not expected to be accompanied by an increase in rainfall. So as higher temperatures sap more moisture from soil and plants through evaporation, it's unlikely that rainfall will increase enough to offset this moisture loss.

咖啡的美味伴侶可可豆(也就是巧克力)也遭受著全球變暖帶來的壓力。不過對(duì)于巧克力而言，氣候變暖并不是問題所在?？煽蓸淦鋵?shí)更喜歡炎熱的天氣，前提是伴有較高的濕度和充足的雨水(也就是熱帶雨林氣候)。根據(jù)政府間氣候變化專門委員會(huì)2014年的報(bào)告，問題在于世界上主要巧克力生產(chǎn)國(科特迪瓦、加納和印尼)的高溫天氣并沒有伴隨著降雨的增多。高溫的蒸發(fā)帶走了泥土和植株的更多水分，而降雨又不足以抵消水分的流失。

In this same report, the IPCC predicts that these effects could reduce cocoa production, which means 1 million less tons of bars, truffles, and powder per year by 2020.

在這份報(bào)告中，政府間氣候變化專門委員會(huì)預(yù)計(jì)這些影響會(huì)令可可豆減產(chǎn)，這意味著在2020年前，每年生產(chǎn)出的巧克力棒、松露巧克力和巧克力粉會(huì)減少100萬噸。

3 Tea 茶

When it comes to tea (the world's 2nd favorite beverage next to water), warmer climates and erratic precipitation aren't only shrinking the world's tea-growing regions, they're also messing with its distinct flavor.

說到茶(世界上受歡迎程度僅次于水的飲料)，氣候變暖和降水異常不但令全世界的茶葉種植區(qū)縮小，而且還在破壞茶的獨(dú)特風(fēng)味。

For example, in India, researchers have already discovered that the Indian Monsoon has brought more intense rainfall, which waterlogs plants and dilutes tea flavor.

以印度為例，研究人員已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)印度季風(fēng)帶來了更強(qiáng)降水，這會(huì)給茶園帶來澇災(zāi)，令茶的味道變淡。

Recent research coming out of the University of Southampton suggests that tea-producing areas in some places, notably East Africa, could decline by as much as 55 percent by 2050 as precipitation and temperatures change.

南安普頓大學(xué)最近的研究指出，一些地方(尤其是東非)的產(chǎn)茶區(qū)，隨著降水和氣溫的變化，茶葉產(chǎn)量可能會(huì)在2050年前減少55%。

Tea pickers are also feeling the impacts of climate change. During harvest season, increased air temperatures are creating an increased risk of heatstroke for field workers.

采茶人也感受到了氣候變化的影響。在收獲季節(jié)，氣溫的升高會(huì)令采茶人更容易中暑。

4 Honey 蜂蜜

More than one-third of America's honeybees have been lost to Colony Collapse Disorder, but climate change is having its own effects on bee behavior. According to a 2016 US Department of Agriculture study, rising carbon dioxide levels are decreasing the protein levels in pollen — a bee's main food source. As a result, bees aren't getting enough nutrition, which in turn can lead to less reproduction and even eventual die-off. As USDA plant physiologist Lewis Ziska puts it, "Pollen is becoming junk food for bees."

超三分之一的美國蜜蜂都死于蜂群衰竭失調(diào)癥，但氣候變化對(duì)蜜蜂行為也產(chǎn)生了影響。根據(jù)美國農(nóng)業(yè)部2016年的一項(xiàng)研究，二氧化碳水平上升令花粉中的蛋白質(zhì)水平下降，而花粉是蜜蜂的主要食物來源。結(jié)果蜜蜂不能獲得足夠的營養(yǎng)，從而影響繁衍甚至導(dǎo)致滅絕。正如美國農(nóng)業(yè)部的植物生理學(xué)家路易斯·切斯卡所說，“花粉對(duì)蜜蜂而言正變成垃圾食品。”

But that's not the only way climate is messing with bees. Warmer temperatures and earlier snow melt can trigger earlier spring flowering of plants and trees; so early, in fact, that bees may still be in the larva stage and not yet mature enough to pollinate them.

不過這不是氣候讓蜜蜂遭殃的唯一方式。氣溫升高和融雪提早會(huì)讓植物和樹更早開花，事實(shí)上，正因?yàn)榛ㄩ_得太早了，蜜蜂可能還在幼蟲期，沒有成熟到可以授粉。

The fewer worker bees to pollinate, the less honey they're able to make. And that means fewer crops too, since our fruits and vegetables exist thanks to the tireless flight and pollination by our native bees.

授粉的蜜蜂少了，釀出的蜂蜜也就少了。這也意味著農(nóng)作物的收成會(huì)減少，因?yàn)樗褪卟说拈L(zhǎng)成都要仰仗蜜蜂飛來飛去地辛勤授粉。

5 Seafood 海鮮

Climate change is affecting the world's aquaculture as much as its agriculture.

氣候變化既影響著世界上的農(nóng)業(yè)，也影響著世界上的水產(chǎn)業(yè)。

As air temperatures rise, oceans and waterways absorb some of the heat and undergo warming of their own. The result is a decline in fish population, including in lobsters (who are cold-blooded creatures), and salmon (whose eggs find it hard to survive in higher water temps). Warmer waters also encourage toxic marine bacteria, like Vibrio, to grow and cause illness in humans whenever ingested with raw seafood, like oysters or sashimi.

隨著氣溫上升，海洋和水道吸收了一部分熱量，造成水體升溫。結(jié)果造成魚類數(shù)量減少，包括龍蝦(冷血?jiǎng)游?和三文魚(魚卵難以在較高水溫中存活)。溫度更高的海水會(huì)催生弧菌等有毒的海洋細(xì)菌，致使攝入生牡蠣或生魚片等生海鮮的人生病。

And that satisfying "crack" you get when eating crab and lobster? It could be silenced as shellfish struggle to build their calcium carbonate shells, a result of ocean acidification (absorb carbon dioxide from the air).

而你在咬碎螃蟹或龍蝦的殼時(shí)將不再聽到令人滿足的噼啪聲，因?yàn)榧讱ゎ愃鷦?dòng)物由于海洋酸化(吸收空氣中的二氧化碳的結(jié)果)將難以長(zhǎng)出堅(jiān)硬的碳酸鈣殼。

Even worse is the possibility of no longer eating seafood at all, which according to a 2006 Dalhousie University study, is a possibility. In this study, scientists predicted that if over-fishing and rising temperature trends continued at their present rate, the world's seafood stocks would run out by the year 2050.

更糟的結(jié)果是再也吃不到海鮮。根據(jù)2006年達(dá)爾豪斯大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)研究，這是有可能的。在這項(xiàng)研究中，科學(xué)家預(yù)言，如果過度捕撈魚類和氣溫升高的趨勢(shì)以目前的速度持續(xù)下去，世界上的海鮮存貨將會(huì)在2050年前耗光。

6 Rice 米飯

When it comes to rice, our changing climate is more of a threat to the growing method than to the grains themselves.

相對(duì)于大米本身，氣候變化對(duì)于大米耕種方法的威脅更大。

Rice farming is done in flooded fields (called paddies), but as increased global temperatures bring more frequent and more intense droughts, the world's rice-growing regions may not have enough water to flood fields to the proper level (usually 5 inches deep). This could make the cultivating this nutritious staple crop more difficult.

大米種植是在水田中進(jìn)行的，但隨著全球氣溫的升高，干旱天氣更頻繁也更嚴(yán)重，世界上的大米種植區(qū)可能沒有足夠的水讓田中的水保持合適的高度(大約5英寸)。這會(huì)讓種植大米變得更難。

7 Wheat 小麥

A recent study involving Kansas State University researchers finds that in the coming decades, at least one-quarter of the world's wheat production will be lost to extreme weather and water stress if no adaptive measures are taken.

堪薩斯州立大學(xué)的研究人員近日的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果不采取對(duì)策，未來幾十年將因?yàn)闃O端天氣和水資源缺乏而令全球小麥減產(chǎn)四分之一。

Researchers found that the effects from climate change and its increasing temperatures on wheat will be more severe than once projected and are happening sooner than expected. While increases in the average temperature are problematic, a bigger challenge is the extreme temperatures that are resulting from climate change. Researchers also found that increasing temperatures are shortening the time frame that wheat plants have to mature and produce full heads for harvest, resulting in less grain produced from each plant.

研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，氣候變化和氣溫升高對(duì)小麥的影響比原先預(yù)計(jì)的更嚴(yán)重，比預(yù)期的來得更早。平均氣溫升高固然很成問題，但更大的挑戰(zhàn)是氣候變化引起的極端氣溫。研究人員還發(fā)現(xiàn)，氣溫升高縮短了小麥植株成熟的時(shí)間，令穗子個(gè)頭增大，從而導(dǎo)致每株小麥所收獲的糧食減少。

According to a study released by the Postdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, corn and soybean plants can lose 5% of their harvest for every day temperatures climb above 86 °F (30 °C). (Corn plants are especially sensitive to heat waves and drought). At this rate, future harvests of wheat, soybeans, and corn could drop by up to 50 percent.

根據(jù)德國波茨坦氣候影響研究所的一項(xiàng)研究，如果日常氣溫攀升到30攝氏度以上，玉米和大豆莊稼將減產(chǎn)5%。玉米植株對(duì)熱浪和干旱尤其敏感。如果氣溫以這一速度持續(xù)升高，小麥、大豆和玉米未來的收成會(huì)減少50%。

8 Orchard Fruits 果園的水果

Peaches and cherries, two favorite stone fruits of the summer season, may in fact suffer at the hands of too much heat.

過熱的天氣可能會(huì)讓夏季最受喜愛的兩種核果——桃子和櫻桃減產(chǎn)。

According to David Lobell, deputy director of the Center on Food Security and the Environment at Stanford University, fruit trees (including cherry, plum, pear, and apricot) require "chilling hours"— a period of time when they're exposed to temperatures below 45° F (7° C) each winter. Skip the required cold, and fruit and nut trees struggle to break dormancy and flower in the spring. Ultimately, this means a drop in the amount and quality of fruit that's produced.

斯坦福大學(xué)食品安全和環(huán)境中心副主任戴維·羅貝爾稱，水果樹(包括櫻桃、李子、梨和杏)需要“冷凍期”——每年冬天氣溫低于7攝氏度的一段時(shí)間。如果沒有這段冷凍期，核果樹將無力打破冬眠期，在春天綻放花朵，最終將會(huì)導(dǎo)致果實(shí)減產(chǎn)，品質(zhì)下降。

By the year 2030, scientists estimate the number of 45°F or colder days during winter will have lessened significantly.

到2030年，科學(xué)家估計(jì)冬天氣溫低于7攝氏度的日子將會(huì)明顯減少。

9 Maple Syrup 楓糖漿

Rising temperatures in the Northeast US and Canada have negatively impacted sugar maple trees, including dulling the trees' fall foliage and stressing the tree to the point of decline. But while the total retreat of sugar maples out of the US may still be several decades away, climate is already wreaking havoc on its most prized products — maple syrup — today.

美國東北部和加拿大上升的氣溫已經(jīng)對(duì)楓樹造成了負(fù)面影響，包括讓楓葉顏色變淺，讓楓樹在壓力下凋零。雖然距離糖楓從美國完全消失也許還有數(shù)十年時(shí)間，但如今氣候變化已經(jīng)讓寶貴的楓糖漿嚴(yán)重受損。

For one, warmer winters and yo-yo winters (periods of cold sprinkled with periods of unseasonable warmth) in the Northeast have shortened the "sugaring season" — the period when temperatures are mild enough to coax trees to turn stored-up starches into sugar sap, but not warm enough to trigger budding. (When trees bud, sap is said to become less palatable).

首先，美國東北部的暖冬和乍暖乍寒的天氣縮短了楓樹的“化糖期”——在天氣不冷不熱而氣溫又不會(huì)暖到催動(dòng)楓樹萌芽時(shí)，楓樹會(huì)將儲(chǔ)存的淀粉轉(zhuǎn)化為糖漿。據(jù)說當(dāng)楓樹萌芽時(shí)，楓糖漿就不會(huì)那么美味了。

Too-hot temperatures have also lessened the maple sap's sweetness. "What we found was that after years when trees produced a lot of seeds, there was less sugar in the sap," says Tufts University ecologist Elizabeth Crone. Crone explains that when trees are more stressed out, they drop more seeds. "They'll invest more of their resources in producing seeds that can hopefully go somewhere else where the environmental conditions are better." This means it takes more gallons of sap to make a pure gallon of maple syrup with the required 70% sugar content. Twice as many gallons, to be exact.

天氣太熱還會(huì)降低楓糖漿的甜度。塔夫茨大學(xué)的生態(tài)學(xué)家伊麗莎白·克龍說：“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，在楓樹大量產(chǎn)籽數(shù)年后，汁液中的糖分會(huì)減少。”克龍解釋說，當(dāng)楓樹感受到氣候變化的壓力后，它們會(huì)產(chǎn)生更多的籽。“楓樹會(huì)將更多資源用于產(chǎn)籽，希望這些籽能夠到環(huán)境條件更有利的地方去生長(zhǎng)。”這意味著要制出一加侖含糖量達(dá)70%的純楓糖漿，將需要更多的楓樹汁液。準(zhǔn)確來說，需要原來的兩倍的楓樹汁液才能制出來。

10 Peanuts 花生

Peanuts (and peanut butter) may be one of the simplest of snacks, but the peanut plant is considered to be fairly fussy, even among farmers.

花生或花生醬也許是最簡(jiǎn)單的一種小吃，但花生植株卻是比較難伺候的，即使在農(nóng)民看來也是如此。

Peanut plants grow best when they get five months of consistently warm weather and 20-40 inches of rain. Anything less and plants won't survive, much less produce pods. That isn't good news when you consider most climate models agree the climate of the future will be one of extremes, including droughts and heatwaves.

當(dāng)溫暖天氣持續(xù)五個(gè)月并且降雨量達(dá)20到40英寸(51厘米到102厘米)時(shí)，花生植株長(zhǎng)得最好。如果天氣達(dá)不到要求，花生植株將難以存活，能結(jié)出果實(shí)的更是少之又少?？紤]到多數(shù)氣候模型一致得出的結(jié)論是未來的氣候條件會(huì)變得極端，要么干旱要么熱浪，對(duì)花生而言還真不是好消息。

In 2011, the world caught a glimpse of the peanut's future fate when drought conditions across the peanut-growing Southeastern US led many plants to wither and die from heat stress. According to CNN Money, the dry spell caused peanut prices to rise by as much as 40 percent!

2011年世界瞥見了花生未來的命運(yùn)，當(dāng)時(shí)干旱席卷了美國東南部的花生種植區(qū)，許多花生植株都枯萎并死于熱浪。根據(jù)CNN財(cái)經(jīng)頻道的報(bào)道，這次干旱導(dǎo)致花生的價(jià)格上漲了40%之多!