動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)（一）-英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法

　　11. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)

　　11.1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法

　　1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

　　時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： every…, sometimes,　at…, on Sunday

　　I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

　　2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。

　　The earth moves around the sun.

　　Shanghai lies in the east of China.

　　3) 表示格言或警句中。

　　Pride goes before a fall.　驕者必?cái)　?/p>

　　注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

　　例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..

　　4) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。

　　I don’t want so much.

　　Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.

　　比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.

　　I am doing my homework now.

　　第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

　　11.1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法

　　1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

　　時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： every…, sometimes,　at…, on Sunday

　　I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

　　2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。

　　The earth moves around the sun.

　　Shanghai lies in the east of China.

　　3) 表示格言或警句中。

　　Pride goes before a fall.　驕者必?cái)　?/p>

　　注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

　　例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..

　　4) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。

　　I don’t want so much.

　　Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.

　　比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.

　　I am doing my homework now.

　　第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

　　11.2 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法

　　1)在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。

　　時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。

　　Where did you go just now?

　　2)表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。

　　When I was a child, I often played football in the street.

　　Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.

　　3)句型：

　　It is time for sb. to do sth　 "到……時(shí)間了"　 "該……了"

　　It is time sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了"　 "早該……了"

　　It is time for you to go to bed.　 你該睡覺(jué)了。

　　It is time you went to bed.　　　你早該睡覺(jué)了。

　　would (had) rather sb. did sth.　表示’寧愿某人做某事’

　　I’d rather you came tomorrow.

　　4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過(guò)去時(shí)，作試探性的詢(xún)問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求、建議等。

　　I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。

　　比較：

　　一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。

　　Christine was an invalid all her life.

　　(含義：她已不在人間。)

　　Christine has been an invalid all her life.

　　(含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)

　　Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.

　　(含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)

　　Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.

　　( 含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去)

　　注意： 用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。

　　1)動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。

　　Did you want anything else?

　　I wondered if you could help me.

　　2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would.

　　Could you lend me your bike?

　　11.3 used to / be used to

　　used to + do："過(guò)去常常"表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。

　　Mother used not to be so forgetful.

　　Scarf used to take a walk.　 (過(guò)去常常散步)

　　be used to + doing： 對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣，或"習(xí)慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。

　　He is used to a vegetarian diet.

　　Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于散步)

　　典型例題

　　---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.

　　---- It’s 69568442.

　　A. didn’t　　B. couldn’t　C. don’t　D. can’t

　　答案A. 本句雖沒(méi)有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但從語(yǔ)意上看 出，在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候沒(méi)有聽(tīng)懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，因此應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。

　　11.4 一般將來(lái)時(shí)

　　1)　shall用于第一人稱(chēng)，常被will 所代替。

　　will 在陳述句中用于各人稱(chēng)，在爭(zhēng)求意見(jiàn)時(shí)常用于第二人稱(chēng)。

　　Which paragraph shall I read first.

　　Will you be at home at seven this evening?

　　2)　be going to +不定式，表示將來(lái)。

　　a. 主語(yǔ)的意圖，即將做某事。

　　What are you going to do tomorrow?

　　b. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。

　　The play is going to be produced next month。

　　c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事

　　Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.

　　3)　 be +不定式表將來(lái)，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。

　　We are to discuss the report next Saturday.

　　4)　be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。

　　He is about to leave for Beijing.

　　注意：be about to 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

　　11.5 be going to / will

　　用于條件句時(shí)， be going to　表將來(lái)

　　will　表意愿

　　If you are going to make a journey, you’d better get ready for it as soon as possible.

　　Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.

　　11.6 be to和be going to

　　be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。

　　be going to 表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。

　　I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.　　 (客觀安排)

　　I’m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀安排)

　　11.8 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)

　　意為："意圖"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用詞為 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。

　　I’m leaving tomorrow.

　　Are you staying here till next week?

　　11.9 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀　態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去　但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在;也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或　狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成： have (has) +過(guò)去分詞。

　　11.10 比較過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

　　1)過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。

　　2)過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

　　一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):

　　yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

　　共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):

　　this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

　　for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,　　　　　　till / until, up to now, in past years, always,

　　不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

　　3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.

　　過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。

　　舉例：

　　I saw this film yesterday.

　　(強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了。)

　　I have seen this film.

　　(強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。)

　　Why did you get up so early?

　　(強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了。)

　　Who hasn’t handed in his paper?

　　(強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。)

　　She has returned from Paris.

　　她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。

　　She returned yesterday.

　　她是昨天回來(lái)了。

　　He has been in the League for three years.

　　(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))

　　He has been a League member for three years.

　　(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))

　　He joined the League three years ago.

　　( 三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。)

　　I have finished my homework now.

　　---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?

　　---He’s already been sent for.

　　句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。

　　(錯(cuò))Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

　　(對(duì))Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

　　11.11 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型

　　1)It is the first / second time…. that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

　　It is the first time that I have visited the city.

　　It was the third time that the boy had been late.

　　2)This is the… that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).

　　This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.

　　這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。

　　This is the first time (that) I’ve heard him sing.　這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。

　　典型例題

　　(1) ---Do you know our town at all?

　　---No, this is the first time I ___ here.

　　A. was　 B. have been　 C. came　 D. am coming

　　答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。

　　(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?

　　---No, it’s the first time I ___ here.

　　A. even, come　 B. even, have come　　C. ever, come　 D. ever, have come

　　答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時(shí)。

　　注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。

　　(錯(cuò))I have received his letter for a month.

　　(對(duì))I haven’t received his letter for almost a month.

　　11.12 比較since和for

　　Since 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。

　　I have lived here for more than twenty years.

　　I have lived here since I was born..

　　My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.

　　Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.

　　I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.

　　My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.

　　I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.

　　注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

　　I worked here for more than twenty years.

　　(我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。)

　　I have worked here for many years.

　　(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。)

　　小竅門(mén)：　當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+一段時(shí)間，這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化，很容易就能排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤使。

　　1)　(對(duì)) Tom has studied Russian for three years.

　　= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.

　　2)　(錯(cuò)) Harry has got married for six years.

　　= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.

　　顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago.　或 Harry has been married for six years.

　　11.13 since的四種用法

　　1) since +過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)　(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six)。

　　I have been here since 1989.

　　2) since +一段時(shí)間+ ago

　　I have been here since five months ago.

　　3) since +從句

　　Great changes have taken place since you left.

　　Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.

　　4) It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句

　　It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.

　　11.14 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞

　　1) 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別

　　延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷; 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié) 果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

　　He has completed the work.　　他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 (表結(jié)果)

　　I’ve known him since then.　　 我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷)

　　2)　用于till / until從句的差異

　　延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"

　　He didn’t come back until ten o’clock.

　　他到10 點(diǎn)才回來(lái)。

　　He slept until ten o’clock.

　　他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。

　　典型例題

　　1. You don’t need to describe her. I ___ her several times.

　　A. had met　B. have met　 C. met　D. meet

　　答案B. 首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

　　2.---I’m sorry to keep you waiting.

　　---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.

　　A. have been　 B. had been　 C. was　D. will be

　　答案A. 等待的動(dòng)作由過(guò)去開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。