[初中]全新英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法13-4 使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題

語(yǔ)態(tài)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種形式，用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)中的語(yǔ)態(tài)分主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)兩種。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者；被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，或者說(shuō)主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，即主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。如：

We clean the room every day.我們每天打掃房間。（we是clean的執(zhí)行者）

The room is cleaned every day.房間每天都打掃。（room是clean的對(duì)象）

注意： 由于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯賓語(yǔ)，因此只有及物動(dòng)詞才可能有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

13-4 使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題

1.by短語(yǔ)的正確使用

（1）by短語(yǔ)的位置。在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，by短語(yǔ)通常緊隨在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后；在含有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的句子中，by短語(yǔ)通常放在地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)之后，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)之前。如：

The model plane was made by my brother .這個(gè)飛機(jī)模型是我哥哥做的。

The books were put into the box by the monitor .書是班長(zhǎng)放進(jìn)箱子里的。

She was seen in the street by us yesterday.昨天我們?cè)诮稚峡吹剿恕?/p>

（2）by短語(yǔ)的省略。

①當(dāng)不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，by短語(yǔ)省略不用。如：

Our school was set up fifty years ago.我們學(xué)校是五十年前建成的。（不知道誰(shuí)是執(zhí)行者）

②當(dāng)沒(méi)有必要指出或不想說(shuō)出誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，by短語(yǔ)通常省略。如：

Your homework should be handed in early tomorrow.你的作業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)明天一早交上。（上下文已暗示出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，沒(méi)必要再做重復(fù)）

③當(dāng)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是泛指時(shí)通常省略by短語(yǔ)。如：

She was noticed to come late again.有人注意到她又遲到了。（動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是泛指）

注意：

下列情況by短語(yǔ)不可省略：

①當(dāng)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是話題中心時(shí)不可省略。如：

The classroom was cleaned by Green，not by Jane.教室是格林打掃的，不是簡(jiǎn)打掃的。

②若省略by短語(yǔ)意義模糊時(shí)，則不可省略。如：

English is spoken by many people.很多人說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。

2.不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的6種情況

（1）某些謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)，不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：

He looked fine.他看上去氣色好。

The food tastes delicious.這食物味道很好。

（2）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：

The war broke out in the end.戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)終于爆發(fā)了。

I happened to meet him there.我碰巧在那兒見到了他。

（3）賓語(yǔ)為動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)詞的-ing 形式或從句，表示主語(yǔ)的一些想法、愛(ài)好或愿望時(shí)，一般不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：

He decided to go with us.他決定跟我們一起去。

I want to buy a computer.我想買一臺(tái)電腦。

（4）賓語(yǔ)是相互代詞、反身代詞、同源賓語(yǔ)等時(shí)，一般不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：

We should help each other .我們應(yīng)該相互幫助。

He thinks of himself too much.他為自己想得太多。

（5）賓語(yǔ)是表示處所、地點(diǎn)時(shí)，一般不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：

We will reach the station in two hours.我們?cè)龠^(guò)兩個(gè)小時(shí)就會(huì)到站了。

He has gone to London now.他去倫敦了。

（6）謂語(yǔ)部分（動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)）是一個(gè)不可分割的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：

The ship set sail this morning.這艘輪船今天早晨起航了。

He saw the doctor yesterday evening.他昨天晚上看了醫(yī)生。

3.主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的3種情況

（1）有些不及物動(dòng)詞形式上雖為主動(dòng)，但表示被動(dòng)意義。如：

The plan worked out successfully.計(jì)劃進(jìn)行得很成功。

the plan was worked out successfully.

The book sells well.這本書銷路好。

This shirt will wear very long.這件襯衫可以穿很久。

Meat cuts easily.肉容易切。

The parcel carries easily.包裹容易搬運(yùn)。

The fields flooded.田野被洪水淹沒(méi)。

Ripe oranges peel easily.成熟的橙子很容易削皮。

注意：

這類動(dòng)詞常見的有：lock，shut，open，move，read，write，sell，wash，clean，catch，cut等。

（2）有些動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)，形式上是主動(dòng)，但含被動(dòng)的意義。如：

The book is printing.=The book is being printed.這本書正在印刷中。

The house is building.=The house is being built.這棟房子正在建造中。

The drum is beating.=The drum is being beaten.鼓正敲著。

（3）有些介詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如：

The question is now under discussion.這個(gè)問(wèn)題正在被討論。

The fire was finally under control.大火最終被控制住了。

All these temples are under repairs.所有這些古廟正在修復(fù)中。

The project is in the charge of a Japanese expert.這項(xiàng)工程由一位日本專家負(fù)責(zé)。

4.被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義的2種情況

（1）某些“動(dòng)詞+反身代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示主動(dòng)意義。如：

She usually dresses herself in white.她通常穿白色衣服。

The boy seated himself by the window。小男孩坐在窗戶旁。

（2）有些不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，如gone，come，fallen，returned，retired，graduated等作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示主動(dòng)意義。如：

Winter is gone and spring is come.冬天走了，春天來(lái)了。

The ground is covered with fallen leaves.地面蓋滿了落葉。

Next year I will be graduated.明年我就要畢業(yè)了。

My parents have already been retired.我父母已經(jīng)退休了。

5.“主+系+表”結(jié)構(gòu)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區(qū)別

“be+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)既可以是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，又可以是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。其主要區(qū)別是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，系表結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)。

（1）從形式上來(lái)看，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)往往接by施動(dòng)者，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)往往有固定的搭配。如be connected with，be separated from，be covered with，be interested in，be surprised at，be satisfied with，be concerned about等。

I was interested in what you showed me.我對(duì)你所展示的感興趣。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）

We were surprised at the unexpected news.我們對(duì)這個(gè)意外的消息感到驚訝。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

注意：

句中有“by+人”時(shí)，多為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；而“by+物”時(shí)，多屬系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

The house was surrounded by the police.這房子被警察包圍了。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）

The house was surrounded by trees.這房子四周都是樹。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表示靜止的狀態(tài)）

（2）從時(shí)態(tài)上來(lái)看，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中be的時(shí)態(tài)要與動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間一致；而系表結(jié)構(gòu)的be只有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或完成時(shí)，表示目前或過(guò)去的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)。如：

This window was broken by Kate yesterday.這窗戶是凱特昨天打破的。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）

This glass is broken.這塊玻璃是破的。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)，指目前的狀態(tài)）

（3）從句中的狀語(yǔ)來(lái)看，過(guò)去分詞前有well，very，quite等副詞修飾的是系表結(jié)構(gòu)；若句中有時(shí)間、方式或目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

The play is well written.這劇本寫得很好。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

The play was written with great care.這劇本是非常用心地寫出來(lái)的。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，有方式狀語(yǔ)）

（4）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的過(guò)去分詞必須是及物動(dòng)詞，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過(guò)去分詞可以是gone，fallen，risen等不及物動(dòng)詞。如：

My pen is gone.我的鋼筆不見了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

The sun is risen.太陽(yáng)升起來(lái)了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

6.常用表被動(dòng)的固定句型

（1）It is said that ...據(jù)說(shuō)……

（2）It is reported that ...據(jù)報(bào)道……

（3）It is well known that ...眾所周知……

（4）It is supposed that ...據(jù)推測(cè)……

（5）It is suggested that ...有人建議……

（6）It is generally considered that ...普遍認(rèn)為……

It is said that they have realized their wishes.據(jù)說(shuō)他們已實(shí)現(xiàn)了他們的愿望。

It is reported that the Underground Line will be built in our city in 2019.據(jù)報(bào)道我們城市將在2019年建地鐵。

It is well known that everyone has his own dream as well as his own future.眾所周知的，每個(gè)人都有自己的夢(mèng)想以及他自己的未來(lái)。

It is supposed that there is no life on the moon.據(jù)推測(cè)，月球上沒(méi)有生命。

It is suggested that we should hold the meeting next week.有人建議我們應(yīng)當(dāng)在下周舉行會(huì)議。

It is generally considered that what you have done is wrong.人們普遍認(rèn)為你所做的是錯(cuò)誤的。

【中考速遞】

1.[北京中考考題] A new road _____ near my school next year.

A.builds B.will build C.is built D.will be built

2.[湖北黃岡中考考題] — Tom is always careless with his schoolwork.Could you help him？

— No problem！I think he _____ to think twice before starting.

A.should be told B.can tell

C.should tell D.can be telling

3.[江蘇南京中考考題] It's reported that Jiangsu Grand Theatre _____ in September this year.

A.completes B.is completed

C.will complete D.will be completed

4.[廣東中考考題] He Jiang _____ to give a speech at the graduation ceremony at Harvard University last month.

A.invites B.invited C.is invited D.was invited

5.[甘肅蘭州中考考題] These rules are made _____ the disabled.

A.protect B.protected C.to protect D.protecting

6.[山東泰安中考考題] More chances _____ for students to learn from each other if working in groups.

A.provide B.are provided C.provided D.will provide

【答案點(diǎn)撥】

1.答案：D 句意：我家附近有一條新的公路明年將會(huì)建成。由next year 可知句子用一般將來(lái)時(shí)；由句意可知a new road和build之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故選D。

2.答案：A 句意：“湯姆做作業(yè)一直很粗心。你幫幫他好嗎？”“沒(méi)問(wèn)題。我想應(yīng)該告訴他三思而后行。”由句意可知he是告訴的對(duì)象，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；表示“應(yīng)當(dāng)”用should，故選A。

3.答案：D 句意：據(jù)報(bào)道，江蘇大劇院于今年九月份完工。由句中的時(shí)間this year可知用一般將來(lái)時(shí)；由句意可知用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故選D。

4.答案：D 句意：上個(gè)月賀江被邀請(qǐng)?jiān)诠鸫髮W(xué)的畢業(yè)典禮上作報(bào)告。根據(jù)last month可知用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)；由句意可知用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，故選D。

5.答案：C 句意：這些規(guī)則被制定出來(lái)以保護(hù)殘疾人。make后的不定式在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中要加上to。故選C。

6.答案：B 句意：如果分組學(xué)習(xí)的話，這就為學(xué)生們的互相學(xué)習(xí)提供了更多的機(jī)會(huì)。句子主語(yǔ)more chances是provide的承受者，應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故選B。

【語(yǔ)法專練 體驗(yàn)中考】

1.[山東青島] Children should _____ to be honest from a young age.

A.educate B.be educated C.punish D.be punished

2.[重慶考題] — Mom，where is my model plane？

— Oh，it _____ to Jenny yesterday.

A.is lent B.lends C.was lent D.lent

3.[甘肅白銀] Mr.Anderson's car _____ last night.

A.was stolen B.stolen C.stole D.is stolen

4.[山東濰坊] It is said that the project connecting mainland and Hong Kong _____ soon.

A.is completed B.has completed

C.will complete D.will be completed

5.[山東威海] — There aren't any libraries in our town，are there？

— No，but it is said one _____ next year.

A.will be built B.is built C.will build

6.[河北考題] Emily is glad that she _____ for her honesty at that meeting.

A.praises B.praised C.is praised D.was praised

7.[湖北咸寧] — China's 23rd Beidou Satelite _____ into space on June 12，2016.

— As Chinese，we are proud of it.

A.has sent B.is sent C.will send D.was sent

8.[天津考題] Paper _____ first _____ about 2，000 years ago in China.

A.is；creating B.is；created C.has；created D.was；created

9.[山東臨沂] Now all Chinese couples _____ to have two children.

A.allow B.allowed C.are allowed D.were allowed

10.[江蘇揚(yáng)州] — Have you finished your report on green life？

— Not yet.I'll make it if I _____ another two days.

A.give B.am given C.will give D.will be given

11.[湖北黃石] — Why does the earth look blue in space？

— Because most of the earth's surface _____ by water.

A.covers B.is covered C.cover D.are covered

12.[陜西考題] Football _____ to our school subjects last year.

A.is added B.adds C.was added D.added

【答案速遞】

1.B 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.A 6.D 7.D 8.D 9.C 10.B 11.B 12.C