英語(yǔ)中有一種特殊的動(dòng)詞,它們沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化,在句子中不能作謂語(yǔ),我們把這種不能作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞稱(chēng)為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主要有動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞三種形式。
動(dòng)詞不定式是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種,由“to+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。其中的to為動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào),to有時(shí)可以省略。省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式叫不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。動(dòng)詞不定式可簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為不定式。動(dòng)詞不定式與其后的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)等被稱(chēng)為不定式短語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的功能,在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等,但不能作謂語(yǔ)。
1.動(dòng)詞不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)形式
動(dòng)詞不定式有肯定和否定兩種形式;動(dòng)詞不定式的肯定式也可有各種時(shí)態(tài)及語(yǔ)態(tài)形式,常用的有:一般式、進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動(dòng)式。
(1)動(dòng)詞不定式的肯定式
We want to visit the factory.我們想去參觀那家工廠。(一般式)
He seems to be reading the book.他好像在讀那本書(shū)。(進(jìn)行式)
I remember to have told you about it.我記得告訴過(guò)你這件事。(完成式)
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting long.對(duì)不起讓你久等了。(完成式)
The car needs to be repaired before we go on a trip to Europe.在去歐洲之前,這輛車(chē)必須修理一下。(被動(dòng)式)
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式
動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式在不定式前直接加not,構(gòu)成not to do結(jié)構(gòu);不帶to的不定式在動(dòng)詞原形前加not,構(gòu)成not do結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
The teacher told us not to be late again.老師告訴我們不要再遲到了。
My father made me not play computer games too long.我父親不讓我玩太長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的電腦游戲。
2.動(dòng)詞不定式的功能及特征
(1)不定式的一般式表示的動(dòng)作通常與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生。如:
She seems to know all .她似乎什么都知道。
I hope to see you next week.我希望下周見(jiàn)到你。
(2)不定式的進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,并與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如:
Don't pretend to be working hard .不要假裝在努力工作。
He seems to be thinking deeply ,without noticing me.他似乎陷入了深思,沒(méi)注意到我。
(3)不定式的完成式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前。如:
I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.對(duì)不起,給你添了這么多麻煩。
Mary is said to have known the secret.據(jù)說(shuō)瑪麗已經(jīng)知道了這個(gè)秘密。
(4)不定式的被動(dòng)式表示不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是不定式的承受者。如:
Our classroom needs to be cleaned every day.我們的教室需要每天打掃。
(5)動(dòng)詞不定式具有動(dòng)詞的特征,可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式與其賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)句子成分。如:
The girl likes to play the piano .那個(gè)女孩喜歡彈鋼琴。
He told me to drive carefully .他告訴我要小心駕駛。
3.動(dòng)詞不定式的7種用法
動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
(1)作主語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ),可以放在句子前,也可以放在句子后。如:
To study hard is necessary.努力學(xué)習(xí)是有必要的。
To get up early is a good habit.早起床是個(gè)好習(xí)慣。
It is necessary to study hard.=To study hard is necessary.努力學(xué)習(xí)是有必要的。
注意:
①動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ),常常用it作形式主語(yǔ),放在句子的開(kāi)頭,真正主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)放在句子后面,漢語(yǔ)翻譯時(shí)要符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣,仍然翻譯在句子前面。如:
It is a good habit to get up early.=To get up early is a good habit.早起床是一個(gè)好習(xí)慣。
②不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式。如:
To learn English well is not easy.學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是不容易的。
③動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)的常用句型:
■It+be+名詞+to do sth.如:
It is our duty to serve the people.為人民服務(wù)是我們的職責(zé)。
■It takes sb.+some time+to do sth.如:
It takes me two hours to do my homework every day.每天做作業(yè)花費(fèi)我兩個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間。
■It+be+形容詞+for sb.+to do sth.如:
It is dangerous for the children to play in the street.對(duì)孩子們來(lái)說(shuō)在街上玩耍是危險(xiǎn)的。
■It+be+形容詞+of sb.+to do sth.如:
It is kind of you to help me with my English.你幫我學(xué)英語(yǔ)真是太好了。
(2)作表語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ),放在連系動(dòng)詞之后。如:
The most important thing is to cut off the electricity .最重要的是切斷電源。
Her wish is to be a teacher .她的愿望就是當(dāng)一名教師。
She seems to be very happy today.今天她好像很快樂(lè)。
注意:
seem作連系動(dòng)詞,其后的to be不定式可以省略。如:
He seems to be ill.=He seems ill.=It seems that he is ill.他似乎生病了。
(3)作賓語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ),放在及物動(dòng)詞之后作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。如:
I can't afford to buy a car.我買(mǎi)不起汽車(chē)。
Remember to post the letter.記住把信寄了。
I hope to be staying with you.我希望和你住在一起。
注意:
①不定式不僅用作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),還可用作個(gè)別介詞(如but,except等)的賓語(yǔ):如:
I had no choice but to wait.除了等,我沒(méi)有別的選擇。
It had no effect except to make him angry.除惹他生氣外,沒(méi)產(chǎn)生任何效果。
②當(dāng)作賓語(yǔ)的不定式短語(yǔ)后有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),通常要用it作形式賓語(yǔ),將真正賓語(yǔ)即動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)置于賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后。如:
I find it difficult to learn Japanese well.我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好日語(yǔ)不容易。
They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.他們發(fā)現(xiàn)把一切按時(shí)準(zhǔn)備好是不可能的。
■動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)的常用動(dòng)詞有:
We have decided not to go.我們決定不去了。
He has promised to get me a position.他答應(yīng)給我安插一個(gè)職位。
We want to hear all about his adventure.我們想知道他這場(chǎng)奇遇的一切。
注意:
“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”作賓語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式可以和疑問(wèn)詞連用構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。如:
I don't know what to do next.我不知道下一步該做什么。
I asked how to solve the problem.我問(wèn)該如何解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
He forgot where to buy such a book.他忘了去哪兒買(mǎi)這樣一本書(shū)。
(4)作定語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),放在它所修飾的名詞之后。如:
I have a letter to answer .我有一封信要回復(fù)。
Liu Ying was the girl to meet you .劉英就是來(lái)接你的那個(gè)女孩子。
I have some clothes to wash .我有些衣服要洗。
I have a wish to go to college .我有一個(gè)上大學(xué)的愿望。
注意:
①不定式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),放在所修飾的名詞之后,表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如:
We have much work to do .我們有很多工作要做。
②不定式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),某些動(dòng)詞與所修飾的名詞或代詞之間有主謂關(guān)系,即所修飾的名詞是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。如:
Li Lei was the first student to come into the classroom this morning.今天早晨李蕾是第一個(gè)進(jìn)教室的學(xué)生。
③不定式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),某些動(dòng)詞與所修飾的名詞或代詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,即所修飾的名詞是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。如:
Do you have anything to do now?你現(xiàn)在有事情要做嗎?
④當(dāng)不定式短語(yǔ)與所修飾的名詞或代詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),不定式中的動(dòng)詞須為及物動(dòng)詞,若是不及物動(dòng)詞,不定式后須加上一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。如:
Go ahead,please.I have a friend to wait for.請(qǐng)先走吧,我還要等個(gè)朋友。
There's nothing to worry about.沒(méi)有什么可擔(dān)心的。
⑤不定式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),不定式有時(shí)與所修飾的名詞或代詞之間有說(shuō)明關(guān)系,即不定式是中心詞的內(nèi)容。如:
I had a dream to fly in the sky like a bird .我做了一個(gè)夢(mèng),夢(mèng)里我像鳥(niǎo)兒在天上飛。
(5)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),放在賓語(yǔ)的后面,表示賓語(yǔ)是什么或怎么樣。動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)有to do和to be兩種形式。
①謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+to do
The doctor advised him to take a good rest.大夫建議他好好休息。
They warned me not to go this way.他們警告我不要走這條路。
Please remind me to post this letter.請(qǐng)?zhí)嵝盐壹倪@封信。
②謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+to be
I find English to be very easy.我發(fā)現(xiàn)英語(yǔ)很容易。
I know him to be dependable.我知道他是可靠的。
注意:
①動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式符號(hào)to在使役動(dòng)詞let,make,have和感官動(dòng)詞see,hear,watch,notice,feel等后面須省略to,但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,to不能省略。如:
The boss made the workers work over ten hours a day in the past.過(guò)去老板讓工人們每天工作十多個(gè)小時(shí)。
The workers were made to work over ten hours a day.過(guò)去工人們被迫一天工作十多個(gè)小時(shí)。
I saw Li Lei fall down from his bike.我看見(jiàn)李蕾?gòu)淖孕熊?chē)上摔了下來(lái)。
Li Lei was seen to fall down from his bike.李蕾被看到從自行車(chē)上摔了下來(lái)。
②動(dòng)詞help后跟動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式符號(hào)to可省略,也可不省略。如:
He often comes to help us (to)do some farming work.他經(jīng)常來(lái)幫我們干農(nóng)活。
③動(dòng)詞hope等后不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),若表達(dá)“希望某人干某事”時(shí)要用賓語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示。如:
(誤)I hope you to come earlier.我希望你早點(diǎn)來(lái)。
(正)I hope you will come earlier.我希望你早點(diǎn)來(lái)。
類(lèi)似的單詞還有agree,suggest,insist,demand等。
(6)作狀語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),可表示目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件和方式等。
①作目的狀語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式短語(yǔ)可放在句子的前面,也可放在句子的末尾。在句子前面時(shí),不定式常與句子用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi);在句子末尾時(shí),一般不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。如:
To get there on time,we set out at five in the morning.為了按時(shí)到達(dá)那兒,我們?cè)绯课妩c(diǎn)就出發(fā)了。
He goes there to enjoy the fresh air.他去那兒享受那里的新鮮空氣。
注意:
to do,in order to do,so as to do都可作目的狀語(yǔ)表示目的,意為“為了……”,但to do,in order to do的位置既可在句首,也可在句末;而so as to do只能在句末。如:
In order to build a house,he bought some wood and steel yesterday.=He bought some wood and steel yesterday in order to build a house.=He bought some wood and steel yesterday so as to build a house.為了建房子,昨天他買(mǎi)來(lái)了木料和鋼材。
②作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),一般置于句子末尾。如:
I went to the classroom,to discover it empty.我走到教室,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)教室是空的。
He grew up to be a famous doctor.他長(zhǎng)大以后成為了一名有名的醫(yī)生。
I opened the door to find the room empty.我打開(kāi)門(mén),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)房間是空的。
He woke up to find everyone gone.他醒來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)人都走了。
注意:
不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中:
①用于終結(jié)性動(dòng)詞find,see,hear,learn,discover的不定式,常表示出乎意料的結(jié)果,并且不定式前常有never,only等副詞修飾。如:
I hurried to the railway station yesterday,(only)to find that the train had left.昨天我急急忙忙趕到火車(chē)站時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)火車(chē)已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了。
②用于“so+adj./adv.+as+to do”句型中。如:
The scenery is so beautiful as to attract many people here every year.這里景色非常美,每年都要吸引很多人來(lái)。
③用于“adj./adv.+enough+to do”句型中。如:
He ran fast enough to catch up with Li Lei.他跑得很快,結(jié)果趕上了李雷。
④用于“so+adj./adv.+a(n)+n.+as+to do”句型中。如:
This is so interesting a story as to interest children.這是個(gè)很有趣的故事,孩子們非常感興趣。
⑤用于“such+adj./adv.+n.+as+to do”中。如:
She is such a good girl to help you make great progress.她是個(gè)非常好的姑娘,幫助你取得了很大的進(jìn)步。
⑥用于“too+adj./adv.+to do”句型中。如:
They went too slowly to catch the early bus.他們走得太慢了,結(jié)果沒(méi)能趕上早班車(chē)。
③作原因狀語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí),通常位于表示“高興、愉快、生氣、自豪、遺憾”等形容詞(glad,pleased,excited,angry,proud,sad,worried,sorry)之后,說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生某種心情、情感的原因。如:
I'm very glad to hear that Li Lei has been elected secretary of the Party.聽(tīng)說(shuō)李雷被選為了黨委書(shū)記,我很高興。
I'm sorry to have troubled you so much.對(duì)不起,給你添了這么多麻煩。
④作條件狀語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式作條件狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),一般放在句首。如:
To be heated,liquid will change into gas.如果受熱,液體就會(huì)變成氣體。
⑤作方式狀語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)可接在as if/as though之后作方式狀語(yǔ)。如:
He moved his mouth as if to say something.他的嘴唇動(dòng)了動(dòng),好像要說(shuō)什么事似的。
(7)作獨(dú)立成分
動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作獨(dú)立成分,獨(dú)立于句子之外,具有引出下文的作用。如:
To tell the truth,I have no money with me.坦白地說(shuō),我身上沒(méi)帶錢(qián)。
Strange to say,his hair turned white during the night.說(shuō)也奇怪,他的頭發(fā)一夜之間變白了。
注意:
常用作獨(dú)立成分的動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)有:
①to tell the truth老實(shí)地說(shuō),坦白地說(shuō)
②to make a long story short簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)
③glad/sorry/sad to say說(shuō)來(lái)很高興/難過(guò)/可悲
④needless/strange to say不用說(shuō)/說(shuō)也奇怪
⑤to return to the subject/our muttons言歸正傳
⑥to begin/start with首先
⑦to be sure的確,當(dāng)然
⑧to pass to another subject換個(gè)話(huà)題
⑨t(yī)o say nothing of更不用說(shuō)
⑩to make matters/things worse更糟的是
4.疑問(wèn)詞+不定式
動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)可以和疑問(wèn)詞連用,組成“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。該結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞性從句,在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)等。如:
How to stop polluting rivers is a big problem.怎樣停止對(duì)河流的污染是一個(gè)大問(wèn)題。(作主語(yǔ))
The question is how to start the work .問(wèn)題是怎樣開(kāi)始這項(xiàng)工作。(作表語(yǔ))
I hardly know what to say before you .我?guī)缀醪恢涝谀忝媲霸撜f(shuō)什么。(作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ))
He thought a lot about how to improve the crop .他對(duì)如何提高收成考慮了很多。(作介詞賓語(yǔ))
注意:
①“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”常作下列動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ):tell,advise,show,teach,decide,discuss,learn,forget等,這時(shí)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)須與主句的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)保持一致,否則用賓語(yǔ)從句。如:
I don't know what to do.=I don't know what I'll do.我不知道我該做什么。
②下列動(dòng)詞discover,explain,find out,wonder常接“how+不定式”短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)。如:
I discovered how to solve the problem.我發(fā)現(xiàn)如何解決此問(wèn)題。
He explained how to use the parachute.他解釋如何使用降落傘。
She found out how to work quickly.她找到加快工作速度的方法。
They wonder how to finish the job.他們想知道如何完成這工作。
③動(dòng)詞show,know只能跟 “疑問(wèn)詞+to do”作賓語(yǔ),不能接動(dòng)詞不定式。如:
Will you please show me how to get to the nearest bank?你能告訴我去最近的銀行怎么走嗎?
I don't know what to do next.我不知道下一步該做什么。
5.動(dòng)詞不定式的兩個(gè)重要句型
(1)for sb.to do sth.
for sb.to do sth.短語(yǔ)在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。如:
It is important for you to find a job.對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)找份工作是重要的。(作主語(yǔ))
It isn't right for people to laugh at others.人們嘲笑別人是不對(duì)的。(作主語(yǔ))
It is important for us to learn English well.對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是重要的。(作主語(yǔ))
I consider it necessary for her to learn French.我認(rèn)為她需要學(xué)法語(yǔ)。(作賓語(yǔ))
The best thing is for us to make our own decision.對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)最好的事情是自己做決定。(作表語(yǔ))
It's time for us to go to bed.現(xiàn)在是我們睡覺(jué)的時(shí)候了。(作定語(yǔ))
There's no reason for you to be late.你沒(méi)有理由遲到。(作定語(yǔ))
There is a lot of work for us to do.有許多工作要我們做。(作定語(yǔ))
He opened the gate for the car to enter.他打開(kāi)大門(mén)讓汽車(chē)進(jìn)來(lái)。(作目的狀語(yǔ))
The lesson is too easy for them to read.這一課對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)太容易了。(作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ))
注意:
該結(jié)構(gòu)中for后的sb.是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ),即to do這一動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。與此句型常用的形容詞有:important,necessary,difficult,easy,impossible,wonderful等。如:
It is wonderful for us to have received so many gifts.我們收到了這么多禮物,真好。
It is impossible for him to solve the problem.對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題是不可能的。
(2)of sb.to do sth.
of sb.to do sth.短語(yǔ)常用于“It's+形容詞+of sb.to do sth”句型中。如:
It's silly of you to do such a thing.做這樣的事你真傻。
It's wrong of the other children to make fun of you.別的孩子取笑你是不對(duì)的。
注意:
①此句型常用的形容詞有:nice,kind,good,right,wrong,wise,silly,rude,polite,careless,foolish,brave,honest,lazy,selfish,clever,stupid,impolite,careful 等。
②在of sb.to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)中,sb.可與句中的形容詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。否則就用for sb.to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
It is really kind of you to help me so much.對(duì)我?guī)椭@么多你真是太好了。
you are really kind to help me so much.
It was silly of you to trust such a man.你竟然相信這樣一個(gè)人,真是太愚蠢了。
you were silly to trust such a man.
6.省略動(dòng)詞不定式的7種情況
(1)動(dòng)詞后不定式的省略。常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有:like,love,hope,wish,mean,want,refuse,try,advise等。如:
— Have you decided to go abroad?你決定去國(guó)外嗎?
— Yes,I have decided to.是的,我決定去。
— Are you and Mary getting married?你和瑪麗快要結(jié)婚了嗎?
— We hope to.我們希望如此。
If you don't want to speak at the meeting,you don't need to.如果你不想在會(huì)上講話(huà),你可以不講。
My parents hoped I would study medicine,but I didn't want to.我父母希望我學(xué)醫(yī),但我不想學(xué)。
I meant to do it,but forgot to.我是想去做,但忘記了。
You may bring the dictionary with you if you want to.如果你要帶詞典的話(huà),就帶著吧。
I shall go if you wish me to.如果你希望我去,我就去。
(2)形容詞后不定式的省略。常見(jiàn)的形容詞有:happy,glad,ready,afraid等。如:
— Would you come and spend holiday with me?你愿意來(lái)和我一起度假嗎?
— I'd be glad to.我很愿意。
I meant to destroy it from the first,but I was afraid to.我一開(kāi)始就想毀掉它,但我不敢。
(3)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)中不定式的省略。常見(jiàn)可帶補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:ask,tell,order,advise,wish,allow,force,invite等。如:
If he doesn't want to go there,you can't force him to.如果他不想去那兒,你不能強(qiáng)迫他去。
He didn't come though we had invited him to.盡管我們已邀請(qǐng)他來(lái),但他沒(méi)有來(lái)。
(4)第二個(gè)句子重復(fù)了第一句的不定式,可用to來(lái)代替,省去后面的動(dòng)詞原形。如:
— Would you like to go for a walk?你愿意去散步嗎?
— Yes,I'd like to.是的,我愿意去。
— Would you like to come to dinner tonight?你今晚愿意來(lái)吃飯嗎?
— I'd like to,but I am too busy.我愿意,但我很忙。
(5)在某些固定詞組如ought to,have to,used to,be able to,be going to等后也可承前省略不定式中的動(dòng)詞。如:
— Should I start at once?我應(yīng)當(dāng)立刻開(kāi)始嗎?
— Yes,you ought to.是的,你應(yīng)當(dāng)立刻開(kāi)始。
I would like to attend the meeting but I'm afraid I won't be able to.我愿意參加這個(gè)會(huì),但我恐怕去不了。
Don't stop unless you have to.除非不得已,否則不要停下來(lái)。
(6)常用不帶to的不定式句型
①had better do sth.最好做某事
②would rather do sth.寧愿做某事
③cannot but do sth.只好做某事
④do nothing but do sth.只好做某事
⑤have nothing to do but do sth.只能做某事
⑥Why not do sth.?為什么不做某事?
(7)多個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式由and或or連接使用時(shí),除第一個(gè)以外,后面的動(dòng)詞不定式均可省略to。如:
I wrote this letter in order to persuade and encourage Mary.為了說(shuō)服并鼓勵(lì)瑪麗我寫(xiě)了這封信。
I didn't know whether to sit or stand.我不知道是坐還是站。
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