托福閱讀必備題型修辭目的題基本概念講解

　　修辭目的題是問(wèn)為什么作者給出某個(gè)具體的信息或例子，也就說(shuō)實(shí)際考察的是學(xué)生在閱讀中“角色轉(zhuǎn)換”的能力，即把自己想象成作者，推測(cè)作者舉某個(gè)例子，寫某一句話或者一段話的目的。要解決這類題目，我們首先要弄明白托福閱讀中使用的修辭手法是怎樣的，這里所說(shuō)的修辭不同于我們語(yǔ)文課上講的比喻、擬人、排比等修辭手法，而是一種“有效寫作或演講的藝術(shù)”，托福中的修辭手法范圍更廣一些，包括舉例子、下定義、闡述、解釋、對(duì)比、反駁、強(qiáng)調(diào)等手法。

　　我們?cè)谇宄诵揶o手法后，下一步就是要揣測(cè)文章出現(xiàn)某個(gè)例子或者某句話甚至某段話的意圖所在，有些同學(xué)可能覺(jué)得如果讀不懂文章做這題就難了，而且時(shí)間有限，無(wú)法細(xì)細(xì)揣摩作者的寫作意圖，但不用擔(dān)心，作者的寫作是有一定的邏輯順序在里面的，具體例子的出現(xiàn)也是有特定順序的，而且不要忘記托福閱讀中的文章大都是從美國(guó)大學(xué)課本上直接摘取出來(lái)的，是學(xué)術(shù)類文章，學(xué)術(shù)類文章有很明確的文章結(jié)構(gòu)，即整篇文章有中心論點(diǎn)(thesis statement)，每段都有中心句(topic sentence),反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)段落內(nèi)部信息是為段落中心思想服務(wù)的，段落是為文章中心服務(wù)的。

　　托福閱讀修辭目的題提問(wèn)對(duì)象分析

　　修辭目的題按提問(wèn)對(duì)象可以分為兩種，一種是針對(duì)具體信息的，另外一種是針對(duì)段落組織結(jié)構(gòu)的。前者出現(xiàn)的頻率最高，而且以舉例為多，所以我們重點(diǎn)講解第一類的做法。我們知道舉例子是為了論證某種觀點(diǎn)的，無(wú)非兩種情況，先觀點(diǎn)后舉例，或者是先例子后觀點(diǎn)總結(jié)，這時(shí)候我們要尋找的層次有三個(gè)，例子前一句話，文段中心句，文章中心。

　　托福閱讀修辭目的題解題思路實(shí)例精講

　　下面我們就具體的例子來(lái)闡述一下具體的做法。

　　The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."

　　The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?

　　A. The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time.

　　B. Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.

　　C. There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the West.

　　D. Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.

　　我們根據(jù)大寫字母L和C定位，在文章的第四行，我們看例子前一句，the early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s,也是一個(gè)例子，不是觀點(diǎn)，所以下一步，我們尋找文段中心句，即文段的第一句 the numbers of deer have fluctuates markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country.所以舉L和C的例子是為了闡述段落中心句，the numbers of deer has changed a lot.與選項(xiàng)A同義，所以我們正確答案是A，再來(lái)看其他選項(xiàng)，選項(xiàng)B說(shuō)大家interested in hunting，原文中沒(méi)有涉及;選項(xiàng)C東西部hunting的比較在原文中也沒(méi)有說(shuō)明;文中也沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)個(gè)體捕獵與團(tuán)體捕獵哪個(gè)更好，所以鎖定正確答案為A。

　　修辭目的題考察學(xué)生尋找文中具體信息寫作意圖的能力，我們始終抓好例子前一句、文段中心句和文章中心這三個(gè)重要因素，這道題就會(huì)做起來(lái)很簡(jiǎn)單。

　　以上就是托福閱讀中修辭目的題的解題入門指南，不知道如何應(yīng)對(duì)這個(gè)題型的同學(xué)不妨跟著本文學(xué)習(xí)一下具體的解題思路，相信定會(huì)有所收獲。