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掌握托福語法的重要性

所屬教程:托福語法

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2017年10月23日

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時(shí)態(tài)(寫作常用且常錯(cuò)):

1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):表示真理性,經(jīng)常性,習(xí)慣性,普遍性。[在口語里常用,在敘事性文章和故事里很少用]

例句:1.The earth is smaller than the sun. [狀態(tài)][真理性]

2.Tom gets up early every morning. [動(dòng)作][經(jīng)常性和習(xí)慣性]

3.Everybody knows him. [普遍性]

2.過去時(shí):表示過去某一時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。 [敘事性的文章和故事里最常用的時(shí)態(tài)]。

例句:1.Yesterday we went to the park.[動(dòng)作]

2.The book was there ten minutes ago. [狀態(tài)]

3.將來時(shí):表示將來某一時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

例句:1.Tom will help you tomorrow. [動(dòng)作]

2.We shall be here in time next time. [狀態(tài)]

4.過去將來時(shí):表示從過去某一時(shí)間看將在以后某一時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。[注意不要跟現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來]

例句:1.Ten years ago, Mary said she would finish the work in a few days. [動(dòng)作]

2. Yesterday he thought you would be a good player after five years. [狀態(tài)]

5.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):表示在現(xiàn)在之前就已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)[要特別注意不包括現(xiàn)在]。

例句:1.We have done our homework. [動(dòng)作]

2.He has been a doctor now. .[狀態(tài)]

6.過去完成時(shí): 表示在過去某時(shí)之前就已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

例句:1.Three days ago he had already finished his homework. [動(dòng)作]

2.When he was a boy, he had already been a head of the boys. [狀態(tài)]

7.將來完成時(shí):表示在將來某時(shí)之前將完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

例句:1.Tomorrow morning, I will have cleaned the windows. [動(dòng)作]

2.Next Sunday, he will have been a new doctor. [狀態(tài)]

8.過去將來完成時(shí):表示在過去某一時(shí)間之前本該完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。[一般用于虛擬語態(tài)]

例句:1.If he had worked hard enough, he would have built a new house. [動(dòng)作] [實(shí)際情況是因?yàn)樗粔蚺?,所以新房子連影子都沒有]

2.If he were alive, he would have been a doctor now. .[狀態(tài)][實(shí)際情況是他已經(jīng)去世,所以永遠(yuǎn)成不了醫(yī)生]

9.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):在現(xiàn)在之前開始,以后還要延續(xù)一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。[要注意只有延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以用進(jìn)行時(shí)]。

例句:Tom is reading a book.

10.過去進(jìn)行時(shí):在過去某時(shí)之前開始,以后還要延續(xù)一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。[要注意只有延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以用進(jìn)行時(shí)]。

例句:The dog was eating a bone.

11.將來進(jìn)行時(shí):在將來某時(shí)之前開始,以后還要延續(xù)一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。[要注意只有延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以用進(jìn)行時(shí)]。

例句:At ten tomorrow morning, I will be writing the letter for you.

12.過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí):從過去某時(shí)來看將再以后某時(shí)之前開始,以后還要延續(xù)一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。[要注意只有延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以用進(jìn)行時(shí)]。

例句:Jack told me that he would be working hard the next year.

13.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí):在現(xiàn)在之前就已經(jīng)完成并且還要延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。[較少用]

例句:Tom has been reading this book for over ten hours.

14.過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí):在過去某時(shí)之前就已經(jīng)完成并且還要延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。{很少用}

例句:The workers had been building the railway then.

15.將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí):在將來某時(shí)之前就已經(jīng)完成并且還要延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。{很少用}

例句:They will have been making their efforts after that time.

16.過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí):在過去某時(shí)之前看來將來某時(shí)應(yīng)該已經(jīng)完成并且還要延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。{很少用}

例句:We thought they would have been doing physical training till then.

語法(長(zhǎng)難句必殺技):

第一 嵌套結(jié)構(gòu)

所謂的嵌套結(jié)構(gòu),就是相同的兩個(gè)或者三個(gè)語法內(nèi)容疊加出現(xiàn),讓我們看起來應(yīng)接不暇,打亂你正常的閱讀順序。比如:

1.Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treat materials in new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts remains relatively constant.

這句話前半句是狀語從句,后半句為主句。前半句的內(nèi)容沒有什么難點(diǎn),難點(diǎn)主要在于后半句從主語開始,主語是the basic difference 但是他后面分別加了三個(gè)后置定語,第一個(gè)in attitude of artists 第二個(gè) in relation to their materials 第三個(gè) in the fine arts and the applied arts 由于這三個(gè)后置定語的出現(xiàn),徹底打亂了我們讀句子時(shí)的連續(xù)性。本來主句應(yīng)該是 the basic difference remains relatively constant. 非常清晰,結(jié)果中間加入的后置定語一個(gè)套一個(gè),如果是按讀到哪里翻譯到哪里那順序就徹底錯(cuò)亂了。即使你認(rèn)識(shí)這句話中所有的單詞,你也無法讀懂這句話。

那怎么辦呢?將后置定語提前,放在他修飾的名詞前面去理解就可以了。很多情況下,我們只見過一個(gè)后置定語出現(xiàn)的句子,但是像這樣,三個(gè)后置定語一個(gè)套一個(gè)的修飾情況在平時(shí)的高中英語文章中很少見到,但它卻是托福閱讀中考查的重點(diǎn)。按照我們的處理方式,這句話應(yīng)該變成in the fine arts and the applied arts的in relation to their materials的in attitude of artists的the basic difference remains relatively constant. 翻譯成中文就是 在純藝術(shù)與實(shí)用藝術(shù)中相對(duì)于他們各自材料的基本態(tài)度上的差異仍然保持一致。

2.Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation.

在這句話中,我們?nèi)匀豢吹搅撕蜕弦痪湓捯粯拥那短拙湫停煌氖?,前面那句話是后置定語嵌套,而這句話是從句嵌套加后置定語嵌套。who possess characteristics引導(dǎo)的從句修飾前面的主語 Those individuals ,但是在他之后that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence又修飾前面從句當(dāng)中的characteristics. 并且在第二個(gè)嵌套的從句中我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)了和前面那個(gè)例子一樣的后置定語的嵌套for existence 修飾前面的struggle, 而前面的in the struggle又修飾前面的advantage. 這種連續(xù)的嵌套句型會(huì)讓很多同學(xué)吃不消。

處理方式依然是把這些嵌套結(jié)構(gòu)放到他所修飾的內(nèi)容前面去理解即可,先處理小的部分,再處理大的部分。這句話的中文翻譯應(yīng)該是 能提供給他們?cè)谏娓?jìng)爭(zhēng)中具備優(yōu)勢(shì)的具有這樣特點(diǎn)的那些個(gè)體們更有可能活下來并且傳遞自己的基因給下一代。

第二 多重邏輯關(guān)系

所謂多重邏輯關(guān)系,就是在一個(gè)句子中通過語法,表現(xiàn)出多于一種以上的邏輯關(guān)系。這同樣是ETS在考試中最擅長(zhǎng)使用的招數(shù),如果同學(xué)們搞不清楚這些邏輯關(guān)系是由誰構(gòu)成的,就很難正確理解這句話??聪旅孢@個(gè)例句:

The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.

首先,主句是前半句,后半句是由so that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句。所以單從句型上就有一個(gè)因果關(guān)系了,前半句是因,后半句是果。其次,在主句中,謂語是results in,這是一個(gè)明顯表示因果關(guān)系的短語,叫做導(dǎo)致。所以在他前面是因,后面是果。因此,主語the gradual drying of the soil是因,賓語the further loss of vegetation是果。這就是兩重因果關(guān)系了,我們?cè)賮砜粗髡Z的修飾語會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)他后面出現(xiàn)了剛才我們所說的嵌套結(jié)構(gòu)caused by its diminished ability to absorb water 。 to absorb water修飾ability 而caused by its diminished ability 則修飾前方的soil 。我們剛剛講過嵌套結(jié)構(gòu)的處理方式,這里不重復(fù)了,但是我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在這個(gè)嵌套結(jié)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)了由caused所代表的第三重因果關(guān)系。Ability是因,the gradual drying of the soil是果。僅一句話,ETS就考查了三重因果關(guān)系,且分別是用分詞短語做后置定語,因果邏輯詞作謂語和結(jié)果狀語從句三種不同的語法結(jié)構(gòu)來進(jìn)行考查,難度可見一斑。很多同學(xué)總抱怨說自己能看懂文章卻做不對(duì)題目,其實(shí)根本原因還是在于像例句這樣的句子看不清晰,知道是因果關(guān)系,卻不知道誰真正導(dǎo)致誰,就會(huì)錯(cuò)題。

根據(jù)這句話,如果問是誰導(dǎo)致了a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established,

那么答案應(yīng)該是The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation

如果問是誰導(dǎo)致了The gradual drying of the soil

那么答案應(yīng)該是its diminished ability to absorb water

如果問是誰導(dǎo)致了the further loss of vegetation

那么答案應(yīng)該是The gradual drying of the soil

對(duì)于多重邏輯關(guān)系,要先搞清楚每一層關(guān)系的兩方面,再按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行理解。因此,這句話中文的意思應(yīng)該是 由吸收水能力減少所導(dǎo)致的土壤的逐漸干旱導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果是自然植被進(jìn)一步的流失,因此土壤表面的惡性循環(huán)就此產(chǎn)生。

第三 插入語

所謂插入語,指的是句子中出現(xiàn)的不影響句子結(jié)構(gòu),對(duì)句子某一個(gè)部分進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明的語法成分。

Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by ''crow’s feet" wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.

插入語結(jié)構(gòu)在托福閱讀中起到的最大作用就是干擾你的連續(xù)閱讀。在一個(gè)正常的句子中,突然插入一個(gè)短語或者從句,讓我們無所適從,很多同學(xué)剛才對(duì)于前半句的理解就此消失,這就是插入語的干擾方式。對(duì)于這樣的句子就刪除它就好。先不要讀它,因?yàn)槟阒灰x它就會(huì)覺得句子結(jié)構(gòu)很亂,越讀越亂,最后就理不清了。我們要求先把他刪除,這樣我們可以在不受到他干擾的前提下把句子的主干先讀完。讀完以后我們?cè)偃ダ斫馑1热缟厦孢@句話,主句應(yīng)該是前面的Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile以及句子結(jié)尾的can lead to pleasant feelings ,而兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間的插入句which is characterized by ''crow’s feet" wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball則完全是用來解釋Duchenne smile的,與主句沒有關(guān)系。因此,我們先刪除它理解主句,這樣就不會(huì)出現(xiàn)意思斷層。其實(shí)主句表達(dá)的意思很簡(jiǎn)單,就是Ekman已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了所謂的D這種微笑可以產(chǎn)生愉悅的情感。

以上三種為托福閱讀中常用的語法難點(diǎn)。真正的長(zhǎng)難句中考查的語法難點(diǎn)多種多樣,他們又會(huì)相互結(jié)合進(jìn)行考查,結(jié)構(gòu)上千變?nèi)f化。對(duì)于這些語法難點(diǎn),建議大家還是找一本高中語法書,認(rèn)真的閱讀例句來理解其內(nèi)容真正掌握。

希望上述對(duì)你有幫助哦!掌握了語法,寫作和閱讀都可以提升哦!


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