國(guó)際關(guān)系英語(yǔ)詞匯大全Unit 64

　　Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe; he had responsibility for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45 from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO. He was the last U.S. President to have been born in the 19th century.

　　1.德懷特·艾森豪威爾

　　德懷特·大衛(wèi)·艾森豪威爾(1890年10月14日-1969年3月28日)，是美國(guó)陸軍五星上將和第34任總統(tǒng)(1953年-1961年)。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，他擔(dān)任盟軍在歐洲的最高指揮官;二戰(zhàn)時(shí)期，軍中的士兵都稱呼他為艾克。負(fù)責(zé)計(jì)劃和執(zhí)行監(jiān)督1944年至1945年里，進(jìn)攻維希法國(guó)和納粹德國(guó)的行動(dòng)。1951年又出任北大西洋公約組織武裝力量最高司令。

　　2.Eisenhower Doctrine

　　The term Eisenhower Doctrine refers to a speech by President Dwight David Eisenhower on 5 January 1957, within a "Special Message to the Congress on the Situation in the Middle East". Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, a Middle Eastern country could request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression from another state. Eisenhower singled out the Soviet threat in his doctrine by authorizing the commitment of U.S. forces "to secure and protect the territorial integrity and political independence of such nations, requesting such aid against overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by international communism."

　　2.艾森豪威爾主義

　　艾森豪威爾主義為馬歇爾計(jì)劃的組成部分之一，由美國(guó)總統(tǒng)艾森豪威爾在冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期提出的一項(xiàng)對(duì)外政策。50年代，在中東和北非民族解放運(yùn)動(dòng)高漲的形勢(shì)下，為遏制蘇聯(lián)等社會(huì)主義國(guó)家對(duì)中東的影響，艾森豪威爾于1957年1月5日正式向國(guó)會(huì)提交一份關(guān)于中東問(wèn)題的特別咨文。其中心思想是“中東出現(xiàn)的真空必須在俄國(guó)人近來(lái)之前由美國(guó)來(lái)填補(bǔ)“，要求國(guó)會(huì)授權(quán)他在中東實(shí)行“軍事援助和合作計(jì)劃”。3月7日美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)決議。3月9日由艾森豪威爾簽署生效。決議宣稱：保持中東地區(qū)國(guó)家的獨(dú)立和完整關(guān)系到美國(guó)的重大利益，授權(quán)總統(tǒng)動(dòng)用2億美元，給這些國(guó)家以經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事援助：美國(guó)可在這一地區(qū)使用武力，以對(duì)付所謂“國(guó)際共產(chǎn)主義的武裝侵略”。1958年7月，根據(jù)艾森豪威爾主義，美國(guó)出兵黎巴嫩，干預(yù)該國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)事務(wù)。

　　3.Harry S. Truman

　　Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–53). As the final running mate of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944, Truman succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when Roosevelt died after months of declining health. Under Truman, the Allies successfully concluded World War II; in the aftermath of the conflict, tensions with the Soviet Union increased, marking the start of the Cold War. Truman was born in Missouri and spent most of his youth on his family's farm. During World War I, he served in combat in France as an artillery officer in his National Guard unit. After the war, he briefly owned a haberdashery and joined the Democratic Party political machine of Tom Pendergast in Kansas City, Missouri. Truman was first elected to public office as a county official and became a U.S. Senator in 1935. He gained national prominence as head of the wartime Truman Committee, which exposed waste, fraud, and corruption in wartime contracts.

　　3.哈里·S·杜魯門

　　哈里·S·杜魯門(1884年5月8日-1972年12月26日)，美國(guó)民主黨政治家，第34任副總統(tǒng)(1945年)，隨后接替因病逝世的富蘭克林·D·羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)，成為了第33任美國(guó)總統(tǒng)(1945年-1953年)。他也是一名共濟(jì)會(huì)成員。面對(duì)美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)事務(wù)，杜魯門總統(tǒng)正好遇上新一輪混亂的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退周期，當(dāng)時(shí)物資短缺、有無(wú)數(shù)罷工事件和有關(guān)否決《塔夫脫-哈特利法》的爭(zhēng)議，都是當(dāng)代的寫照。杜魯門雖于1948年成功連任總統(tǒng)，但卻未能成功掌握國(guó)會(huì)多數(shù)，以致于他的“良政”計(jì)劃幾乎全部流產(chǎn)。然而他曾率先以行政命令在美軍內(nèi)部施行廢除種族隔離，并因應(yīng)形勢(shì)主持第二次“紅色恐慌”，從政府部門辭退了數(shù)以千計(jì)可能影響國(guó)政的共產(chǎn)黨同情者。不過(guò)，由于受到一連串財(cái)政丑聞打擊，有達(dá)數(shù)百位由他任命的官員必須辭職。