研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，女性的卵子會(huì)在受孕的最后時(shí)刻選擇幸運(yùn)的精子

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，女性的卵子會(huì)在受孕的最后時(shí)刻選擇幸運(yùn)的精子

In females, for example, hormones present at ovulation can drive a woman to choose a cocky, confident man with a slight stubble and more masculine features. Men can sniff out an ovulating woman just by smelling her T-shirt, while women appear to prefer the smell of a man with dissimilar genes, which could give her offspring a boost up the evolutionary ladder.

對(duì)于女性來(lái)說(shuō)，排卵時(shí)的荷爾蒙會(huì)促使她們選擇一個(gè)有一點(diǎn)胡茬、更男性化的驕傲自信的男人。男人可以通過(guò)聞她的t恤來(lái)嗅出正在排卵期的女人，而女人似乎更喜歡具有不同基因的男人的氣味，這可能會(huì)給她的后代提供一個(gè)進(jìn)化階梯。

A fascinating new study finds those chemical-based preferences continue even after sex.

一項(xiàng)引人注目的新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些基于化學(xué)物質(zhì)的偏好甚至在性行為之后依然存在。

Human eggs appear to "choose" which sperm will become the lucky winner in conceiving a baby.

人類(lèi)卵子似乎會(huì)“選擇”哪一個(gè)精子將成為懷孕的幸運(yùn)贏家。

"Human eggs release chemicals called chemoattractants, which leave a sort of chemical breadcrumb trail that sperm use to find unfertilized eggs," said study author John Fitzpatrick, an assistantprofessor in the department of zoology at Stockholm University in Sweden.

“人類(lèi)卵子會(huì)釋放一種叫做化學(xué)引誘劑的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)會(huì)留下一種類(lèi)似面包屑的痕跡，精子會(huì)利用這種痕跡來(lái)尋找未受精的卵子，”研究作者、瑞典斯德哥爾摩大學(xué)動(dòng)物學(xué)系助理教授約翰·菲茨帕特里克說(shuō)。

"What we didn't know until this study is those chemical breadcrumbs act differently on sperm from different males, in effect choosing which sperm is successful," Fitzpatrick added.

菲茨帕特里克補(bǔ)充道:“在這項(xiàng)研究之前，我們不知道這些化學(xué)物質(zhì)對(duì)不同雄性精子的作用是不同的，它們會(huì)影響選擇成功的精子。”

"What this is suggesting is that these fluids are giving females one extra chance — long after she's picked her partner — to bias the number of sperm that are going to be coming towards the eggs."

“這表明，這些液體給了雌性一個(gè)額外的機(jī)會(huì)——在她選擇了伴侶很久之后——來(lái)改變向卵子靠近的精子數(shù)量。”

The hunt for diverse genes

尋找不同的基因

What makes a partner genetically compatible? One of the driving factors for that, Fitzpatrick said, are a complex set of genes called the "major histocompatibility complex," or MHC for short.

是什么讓一個(gè)伴侶在基因上兼容? 菲茨帕特里克說(shuō)，其中一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)因素是一組被稱(chēng)為“主要組織相容性復(fù)合體”(MHC)的復(fù)雜基因。

"Basically what these genes are about is fighting infection, fighting diseases and helping our immune system do really well," he said. "The more diverse those genes are, the more diverse are the kinds of infections you can fight.

他說(shuō):“基本上，這些基因的作用就是抵抗感染，抵抗疾病，幫助我們的免疫系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮作用。”“這些基因越多樣化，你能對(duì)抗的感染就越多樣化。

And if your partner has a slightly different combination of these genes than you do, then you're going to produce offspring that can fight an even broader array of pathogens and diseases."

如果你的伴侶的這些基因組合與你略有不同，那么你的后代將能夠?qū)垢鼜V泛的病原體和疾病。”

And because mammals, including humans, are programmed to give our offspring the best chance for survival, our bodies have developed all sorts of methods to reward the strongest, most diverse and compatible mate possible.

因?yàn)椴溉閯?dòng)物，包括人類(lèi)，都是為了給后代最好的生存機(jī)會(huì)而設(shè)計(jì)的，我們的身體已經(jīng)發(fā)展出各種方法來(lái)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)最強(qiáng)壯、最多樣化和最兼容的配偶。

Even the female reproductive tract is an obstacle course designed to weed out weaker, less acceptable suitors.

甚至雌性的生殖道也是一個(gè)障礙通道，旨在淘汰較弱的、不太受歡迎的追求者。

Reproductive tract fluids, for example, flow downwards, thus forcing sperm to swim upstream, much like salmon must do when they spawn. At the same time, Fitzgerald said, the female's immune system views sperm as a foreign invader, attacking those swimmers as if they were germs.

例如，生殖道的液體向下流動(dòng)，從而迫使精子逆流而上，就像鮭魚(yú)產(chǎn)卵時(shí)必須做的那樣。菲茨杰拉德說(shuō)，與此同時(shí)，雌性的免疫系統(tǒng)將精子視為外來(lái)入侵者，將那些游泳者當(dāng)成細(xì)菌來(lái)攻擊。

Once past the obstacle of the cervix's muscular contractions, sperm must then choose and swim up one of two fallopian tubes — yet the egg only travels down one, leaving a "blind alley that they can go down where there's no payoff."

一旦通過(guò)了宮頸肌肉收縮的障礙，精子就必須選擇并游上兩根輸卵管中的一根——然而卵子朝一根游下去，留下了一條“沒(méi)有回報(bào)的死胡同”。