46 過去完成時(shí)的用法　Track 046

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個開始于現(xiàn)在之前（即過去）并且仍在持續(xù)或剛剛結(jié)束的動作。同理類推，過去完成時(shí)用來表示在過去某一時(shí)刻之前（即過去的過去）就已開始的動作，這一動作：①在該過去時(shí)刻仍然在繼續(xù)或剛剛停止；②在該過去時(shí)刻之前的某一時(shí)刻已停止；③在該過去時(shí)刻之前的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)進(jìn)行。
（1）表示開始于過去某一時(shí)刻之前（即過去的過去）的動作或狀態(tài)在過去這一時(shí)刻仍在持續(xù)
具體來說，就是一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)開始，一直持續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)間，并且到這一過去時(shí)間還未結(jié)束并仍有可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。

（圖中虛線箭頭表示動作可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去）
例句
a. I had stayed in America for two years when he moved here. （moved是過去的動作，stayed發(fā)生在moved之前，即過去的過去；在moved之后stayed動作還將會繼續(xù)。）
b. I had learned 1000 words by the end of last year. （learned在過去時(shí)間the end of last year之前已開始，到“去年底”之后還可能持續(xù)。）
c. He had collected ten books of stamps by the end of last month.
d. We had studied English for six years when we entered college.
e. It had snowed for a long time when I woke up.
f.— It’s already 10 o’clock. I guess Bob and Amy won’t be coming to the party.
—They called at nine to say that they’d been held up.
或由上下文明確告知動作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去這一時(shí)刻為止：

 
請看例句：
g. Former Japanese Prime Minister, who had been in a coma（昏迷）for six weeks, died of a cerebral（大腦的） infarction（梗死） at a Tokyo hospital.
日本前首相在長達(dá)六星期的昏迷之后，因腦梗于東京的一家醫(yī)院逝世。
h. I had waited for two hours in such a severe winter when she eventually turned up, which of course drove me mad.
i. There had been fifty colleges in our city up till 2013.
（2）表示開始于過去某一時(shí)刻之前的動作到過去這一時(shí)刻之前即已停止
具體來說就是表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)開始，并且到這一過去時(shí)間之前即告結(jié)束，而并沒有持續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)刻。這時(shí)過去完成時(shí)的動作通常是短暫動作。

 
例句
a. She had made everything ready before I came.
b. Her baby had fallen asleep when she went into the room.
c. Before John got home, Mary had gone to bed.
d. I had just poured myself a cup of tea when the phone rang. When I came back from answering it, the cup was empty. Somebody had drunk the tea or thrown it away.
（3）表示在過去某一時(shí)刻之前開始的動作，在過去這一時(shí)刻之前的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生

 
例句
a. I had written her 100 letters when she finally promised to marry me.
b. I had proposed to her five times, but she still refused to marry me.
（4）過去完成時(shí)的其他用法
1）intend，mean，hope，want，plan，suppose，expect，think，propose，wish等動詞的過去完成時(shí)，可表示過去未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的計(jì)劃、設(shè)想、意圖或希望等。
例句
a. I had planned to go shopping with you but my mother came to see me just when I was about to go.
b. She had hoped that he would come to date her, but he didn’t show up.
c. I had intended to see you, but I was too busy.
d. They had hoped to see you off at the airport, but they got there too late.
2）用在“It was the +序數(shù)詞/最高級+ that…”句型中。例如：
Last week I attended an international conference and saw Mr. Machine. It was the third time that I had met him
.