看美國(guó)大選辯論學(xué)英語(yǔ)系列（一）

美國(guó)總統(tǒng)大選第二場(chǎng)電視辯論10月9日結(jié)束，據(jù)CNN聯(lián)合另一家機(jī)構(gòu)的民調(diào)顯示，在觀看本場(chǎng)辯論的美國(guó)民眾中，有57%的被調(diào)查者認(rèn)為希拉里勝出，而認(rèn)為特朗普勝出的僅為34%。另外，由于兩人在辯論中互黑無(wú)下限，本場(chǎng)辯論也被美國(guó)媒體稱為dirty fight。

兩場(chǎng)辯論下來(lái)，雙方實(shí)力如何也略見(jiàn)分曉，畢竟，有一部分選民就是憑借候選人在辯論中的表現(xiàn)才決定給誰(shuí)投票的。

美國(guó)人民看辯論是為了決定給誰(shuí)投票，我們這些愛(ài)學(xué)英語(yǔ)的人看辯論純粹就是為了看熱鬧，不對(duì)，為了學(xué)英語(yǔ)。我們今天就從已經(jīng)結(jié)束的兩場(chǎng)辯論中總結(jié)一些英文中的地道表達(dá)，跟大家共同進(jìn)步。

今天先說(shuō)第一場(chǎng)。

1. trumped-up trickle-down

第一場(chǎng)辯論一開(kāi)始，兩人有關(guān)就業(yè)和稅收等經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的辯論中，希拉里表示，特朗普提出的為富人減稅政策是trumped-up trickle-down。這里先說(shuō)這個(gè)trickle-down，是一種經(jīng)濟(jì)理論，也叫trickle-down economics，翻譯為“垂滴經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)”，說(shuō)的是“一個(gè)體制中給予上層人的利益會(huì)傳遞給較低階層的人”。Trumped-up是個(gè)固定表達(dá)，表示“偽造的，捏造的，莫須有的”。希拉里在這里用trumped-up來(lái)修飾trickle-down可謂一語(yǔ)雙關(guān)，既表明這種理論是虛假的，同時(shí)提到了特朗普的名字Trump，說(shuō)明這樣不靠譜的政策是特朗普提出來(lái)的。姜果然是老的辣。

原話摘錄：

“We also, though, need to have a tax system that rewards work and not just financial transactions. And the kind of plan that Donald has put forth would be trickle-down economics all over again. In fact, it would be the most extreme version, the biggest tax cuts for the top percent of the people in this country than we've ever had.

我們同時(shí)需要一個(gè)能夠讓勞動(dòng)有回報(bào)的稅收系統(tǒng)，而不是僅僅反應(yīng)金融交易。特朗普提出的稅收政策將會(huì)是垂滴經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的另一個(gè)翻版。實(shí)際上，會(huì)是垂滴經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)最極端的一個(gè)版本，是我國(guó)有史以來(lái)對(duì)頂層富人最大規(guī)模的減稅政策。

I call it trumped-up trickle-down, because that's exactly what it would be. That is not how we grow the economy.

我把他的政策稱為虛無(wú)的垂滴政策(或者“特朗普鼓吹的垂滴政策”)，因?yàn)槭聦?shí)就是這樣。那可不是我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)應(yīng)該發(fā)展的模式。”

2. Cut regulations

還是在第一場(chǎng)辯論兩人聊經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的時(shí)候，特朗普表示在減稅的同時(shí)，他還要精簡(jiǎn)各類規(guī)章制度。這個(gè)跟咱們國(guó)家這幾年提出的“簡(jiǎn)政”(streamline administration)好像有點(diǎn)類似?不過(guò)，由于特朗普一向用詞簡(jiǎn)單明了，所以cut自然是首選啦。希拉里在后面的回應(yīng)中果然用到了streamline這個(gè)更加高級(jí)的詞。

原話摘錄：

“You have regulations on top of regulations, and new companies cannot form and old companies are going out of business. And you want to increase the regulations and make them even worse.

你們現(xiàn)在制度上面有制度，新公司成立不起來(lái)，老公司又都在破產(chǎn)。你還想要增加制度，讓這些情況變得更糟糕。

I'm going to cut regulations. I'm going to cut taxes big league, and you're going to raise taxes big league, end of story.

我打算精簡(jiǎn)規(guī)章制度。我要大規(guī)模減稅，而你要大規(guī)模增稅。就是這么回事兒。”

3. All talk, no action.

在談到如何達(dá)到共同繁榮的話題時(shí)，希拉里表示要鼓勵(lì)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的發(fā)展，為大學(xué)生提供低息貸款，實(shí)現(xiàn)包容性經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。特朗普直接來(lái)一句：典型的政客。只說(shuō)不做。其實(shí)，中文里表達(dá)這個(gè)意思的說(shuō)法也不少，比如，李克強(qiáng)總理曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)的“喊破嗓子不如甩開(kāi)膀子”(Talking the talk is not as good as walking the walk)，“說(shuō)起來(lái)容易做起來(lái)難”(it’s easier said than done),“光說(shuō)不練”(all talk and no action)，等等。

原話摘錄：

“Typical politician. All talk, no action. Sounds good, doesn't work. Never going to happen. Our country is suffering because people like Secretary Clinton have made such bad decisions in terms of our jobs and in terms of what's going on.

典型的政客。光說(shuō)不練。聽(tīng)起來(lái)很好，完全沒(méi)用。永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)。就是因?yàn)橄裣＠镞@樣的人在就業(yè)和發(fā)展方面做了這些糟糕的決策，我們國(guó)家才會(huì)經(jīng)受這些困境。”

4. Braggadocios

這個(gè)詞可能是特朗普用的詞里面比較高級(jí)別的，讀音是[bræɡ??d?u?i?uz]，是braggadocio的復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示“自我吹噓，吹牛大王”等意，英語(yǔ)中意思相近的詞還有，brag，boast，blow one's trumpet等。

原話摘錄：

“I have a great company. I have a tremendous income. And the reason I say that is not in a braggadocios way. It's because it's about time that this country had somebody running it that has an idea about money.

我有個(gè)很棒的公司。我有巨額收入。我這么說(shuō)不是在吹牛，而是因?yàn)槲覀儑?guó)家該由一個(gè)懂錢的人來(lái)管理了。”

5. Watch list

在第一場(chǎng)辯論的第二部分，兩人就美國(guó)的方向展開(kāi)辯論，主要是關(guān)于種族歧視問(wèn)題。特朗普表示，被列在watch list和no fly list上的人應(yīng)該被密切監(jiān)視和關(guān)注。Watch list就是國(guó)際刑警組織列出的有恐怖分子嫌疑的人員名單，no fly list大家都知道，就是“禁飛名單”，也是因?yàn)橛锌植婪肿酉右啥唤勾畛孙w機(jī)的人員名單。我們的生活中充斥著各種各樣的list，手機(jī)上可以設(shè)blacklist，把某些人的電話給屏蔽了，與之對(duì)應(yīng)的自然就是whitelist，白名單上的人和事都是暢行無(wú)阻，獲得準(zhǔn)許的。近幾年咱們國(guó)家搞自貿(mào)區(qū)，還出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)negative list(負(fù)面清單)，也就是說(shuō)，列在這個(gè)單子上的事情不能做，不在這個(gè)單子上的都可以做。

原話摘錄：

“First of all, I agree, and a lot of people even within my own party want to give certain rights to people on watch lists and no fly lists. I agree with you, when a person is on a watch list or a no fly list -- and I have the endorsement of the NRA, which I'm very proud of, these are very very good people, and they are protecting the Second Amendment -- but I think we have to look very strongly at no fly lists and watch lists, and when people are on there, even if they shouldn't be on there, we'll help them, we'll help them legally, we'll help them get off. But I tend to agree with that, quite strongly.

首先，我同意，共和黨內(nèi)很多人都想讓在監(jiān)視名單和禁飛名單上的人有一些特定的權(quán)利。我同意你的意見(jiàn)。如果有人被列入監(jiān)視名單或禁飛名單，插一句，我得到了美國(guó)步槍協(xié)會(huì)的支持，這讓我很自豪，他們都是特別特別好的人，他們?cè)诤葱l(wèi)第二修正案，但我認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該對(duì)列在這些名單上的人嚴(yán)密監(jiān)視，如果有人被列入這些名單，就算他們不應(yīng)該被列入，我們幫助他們，用合法的方式幫助他們，幫助他們解除嫌疑。但我還是同意，嚴(yán)密監(jiān)視。”

6. wreak havoc

在第一場(chǎng)辯論的最后一部分，兩人就如何保障美國(guó)的安全展開(kāi)辯論，話題圍繞網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全。希拉里譴責(zé)俄羅斯實(shí)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊(cyber attack)，竊取政府、企業(yè)和個(gè)人信息，以及對(duì)民主黨全國(guó)委員會(huì)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊。希拉里表示，俄羅斯更愿意采用網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊的方式對(duì)美國(guó)造成損害，同時(shí)收集信息。Wreak havoc是一個(gè)固定搭配，wreak是動(dòng)詞，表示“造成(混亂或破壞); 實(shí)施(報(bào)復(fù))”，havoc則表示“大動(dòng)亂，浩劫”等嚴(yán)重受損的局面，常用的搭配是wreak havoc on somebody/something，比如：Their policies would wreak havoc on the economy. 如果要表示“實(shí)施報(bào)復(fù)”可以用wreak vengeance on表示。

原話摘錄：

“There's no doubt now that Russia has used cyberattacks against all kinds of organizations in our country, and I am deeply concerned about this. I know Donald is very praise -- praiseworthy of Vladimir Putin. But Putin is playing a very tough, long game here. And one of the things he's done is to let loose cyber attackers to hack into government files, to hack into personal files, hack into the Democratic National Committee. And we recently have learned that this is one of their preferred methods of trying to wreak havoc and collect information.

俄羅斯對(duì)我國(guó)的各類機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊這事兒已經(jīng)毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)了，我對(duì)此很擔(dān)憂。我知道特朗普對(duì)普京贊賞有加。但是，普京在跟我們玩一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期且有難度的游戲。他做過(guò)的事情包括，讓網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊人員肆意入侵我們的政府文件、個(gè)人檔案以及民主黨全國(guó)委員會(huì)。我們最近才意識(shí)到，他們更愿意用這樣的方式對(duì)我們?cè)斐删薮髠?，然后收集我們的信息?rdquo;

7. Taunt

說(shuō)到伊朗問(wèn)題時(shí)，希拉里表示自己在擔(dān)任國(guó)務(wù)卿期間，對(duì)伊朗實(shí)施了制裁，還把俄羅斯、中國(guó)等聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)國(guó)家召集到一起商討伊朗無(wú)核化協(xié)議，最終在克里擔(dān)任國(guó)務(wù)卿時(shí)期不費(fèi)一槍一彈達(dá)成協(xié)議。而她指出，特朗普曾經(jīng)表示，一艘伊朗船上的士兵在嘲笑旁邊美國(guó)船上的士兵，如果他聽(tīng)到伊朗士兵嘲笑自己國(guó)家的士兵(there were some Iranian sailors on a ship in the waters off of Iran, and they were taunting American sailors who were on a nearby ship)，他會(huì)把那艘船炸了，然后對(duì)他們宣戰(zhàn)。Taunt是個(gè)多功能的詞，可用作名詞、形容詞和動(dòng)詞，表示“嘲笑，奚落，譏諷，笑柄”等意。這里想介紹幾個(gè)結(jié)尾字母與其相近的幾個(gè)詞：flaunt，炫耀/夸耀，我們?cè)瓉?lái)說(shuō)的“炫富”就可以用flaunt wealth表示;haunt，經(jīng)常光顧/時(shí)?？M繞心頭，比如：this café is the haunt of office workers in the building;vaunt，吹噓/自夸，比如，empty vaunt/he is a real vaunter等。這個(gè)vaunt可以補(bǔ)充進(jìn)前面第4條braggadocios的近義詞當(dāng)中。

原話摘錄：

“I spent a year and a half putting together a coalition that included Russia and China, to impose the toughest sanctions on Iran, and we did drive them to the negotiating table. And my successor, John Kerry and President Obama got a deal that put a lid on Iran's nuclear program. Without firing a single shot. That's diplomacy. That's coalition building. That's working with other nations. The other day, I saw Donald saying that there were some Iranian sailors on a ship in the waters off of Iran, and they were taunting American sailors who were on a nearby ship. He said, you know, if they taunted our sailors, I'd blow them out of the water and start another war.

我花了一年半的時(shí)間把俄羅斯和中國(guó)等國(guó)家叫到一起，對(duì)伊朗實(shí)施了最嚴(yán)厲的制裁，后來(lái)我們的確把伊朗拖到了談判桌前。我的繼任者克里和奧巴馬總統(tǒng)最終和伊朗達(dá)成了限制其核項(xiàng)目協(xié)議。沒(méi)有費(fèi)一槍一彈。那才是外交。那才是結(jié)盟。那才是與其他國(guó)家合作。有一天，我看到特朗普說(shuō)，伊朗海域附近一艘船上的伊朗士兵在嘲笑臨近一艘船上的美國(guó)士兵。他說(shuō)，你知道，如果他們嘲笑我們的士兵，我會(huì)把他們的船炸了，然后再發(fā)動(dòng)一次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。”