刑法完成新一輪大修 刑事責(zé)任年齡作出調(diào)整

12月26日，十三屆全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)第二十四次會(huì)議表決通過刑法修正案(十一)，共48條，針對(duì)低齡未成年人犯罪、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)侵權(quán)等問題，對(duì)刑法作出修改完善。

The amendment stipulates heavier criminal penalties for IPR infringements, raising the maximum prison term for trademark and copyright infringements from seven years to 10 years. The amendment also lowers the minimum age of criminal responsibility to 12 for severe crimes such as murder.

刑法修正案針對(duì)侵犯知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的犯罪行為規(guī)定了更加嚴(yán)格的處罰，將商標(biāo)及知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)侵權(quán)行為的最高刑期由7年提高至10年。同時(shí)，修正案將謀殺等嚴(yán)重犯罪行為的刑事責(zé)任年齡降低至12歲。

【單詞講解】

這里的IPR是intellectual property rights的縮寫形式，即“知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)”，最近幾年很火的“IP”概念是intellectual property的縮寫。IP可以是一個(gè)故事，一種形象，一件藝術(shù)品，一種流行文化，更多的是指適合二次或多次改編開發(fā)的影視文學(xué)、游戲動(dòng)漫等作品。IP劇，是指在有一定粉絲數(shù)量基礎(chǔ)上的國(guó)產(chǎn)原創(chuàng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)小說、游戲、動(dòng)漫為題材創(chuàng)作改編而成的影視劇。

刑法修正案規(guī)定，

If a juvenile who has reached the age of 12, but is under 14, commits intentional homicide or inflicts an injury that leads to death,or causes severe injury to the person, reducing the person to utter disability by resorting to cruel means, he or she shall bear criminal responsibility upon attestation and approval of the Supreme People's Procuratorate (SPP).

已滿12周歲不滿14周歲的人，犯故意殺人、故意傷害罪，致人死亡或者以特別殘忍手段致人重傷造成嚴(yán)重殘疾，情節(jié)惡劣，經(jīng)最高人民檢察院核準(zhǔn)追訴的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

【單詞講解】

英語中關(guān)于“青少年犯罪”有一個(gè)固定的說法juvenile delinquency/juvenile offending，juvenile讀作[d?u?v?na?l]，指“未成年、青少年”，也可以用作形容詞表示某人“孩子氣的、幼稚的”，與childish、silly意思相近，比如：Don't be so juvenile(別那么幼稚了)。Delinquency這個(gè)詞讀作[d?l??kw?nsi]，指“違法行為”，尤指青少年的違法行為，實(shí)施違法行為的青少年就可以稱為delinquent。

Children aged 14-16 can be held criminally liable if they commit serious crimes such as murder, rape, and drug smuggling or trafficking.

已滿十四周歲不滿十六周歲的人，犯故意殺人、強(qiáng)奸、販賣毒品等嚴(yán)重罪行的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

增加與生物安全相關(guān)規(guī)定

To safeguard biosecurity, the law stipulates penalties for illegally implanting gene-edited or cloned human embryos into human bodies or animals. Convicted criminals could face up to seven years of imprisonment.

為了保障生物安全，刑法修正案規(guī)定了針對(duì)將基因編輯、克隆的人類胚胎植入人體或者動(dòng)物體內(nèi)等違法行為的處罰，相關(guān)違法人員最高刑期可達(dá)7年。

使用興奮劑入刑

It stipulates that anyone who lures, instigates or cheats athletes into using banned substances in either domestic or international competitions faces up to three years' imprisonment and a fine. Heavier punishments will be given to those organizing or forcing athletes into using banned substances, while knowingly offering banned substances to athletes is also a criminal offence.

修正案規(guī)定，引誘、教唆、欺騙運(yùn)動(dòng)員使用興奮劑參加國(guó)內(nèi)、國(guó)際重大體育競(jìng)賽，或者明知運(yùn)動(dòng)員參加上述競(jìng)賽而向其提供興奮劑，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處罰金。組織、強(qiáng)迫運(yùn)動(dòng)員使用興奮劑參加國(guó)內(nèi)、國(guó)際重大體育競(jìng)賽的，依照前款的規(guī)定從重處罰。

加大對(duì)性侵未成年人犯罪的懲治力度

The amended law says people with special responsibilities, including those guarding, adopting, looking after, educating or offering medical care to juveniles, could be sentenced to up to 10 years in prison if they have sex with girls aged 14 to 16. Further, anyone found to have had sex with girls under the age of 14 will be convicted of rape and face harsher penalties.

修正案規(guī)定，對(duì)已滿十四周歲不滿十六周歲的未成年女性負(fù)有監(jiān)護(hù)、收養(yǎng)、看護(hù)、教育、醫(yī)療等特殊職責(zé)的人員，與該未成年女性發(fā)生性關(guān)系的，最高可判處10年有期徒刑。奸淫不滿十四周歲的幼女的，以強(qiáng)奸論，從重處罰。

Meanwhile, people who rape girls under the age of 10 will receive a sentence of at least 10 years in prison and could even face life imprisonment or the death penalty.

奸淫不滿十周歲的幼女的，處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑或者死刑。

The amended law also calls for harsher punishment-a sentence of five years or more-for people who have repeatedly committed child molestations, have acted indecently against multiple children, have committed such offenses in public or have molested juveniles in a cruel manner.

猥褻兒童多人或者多次的;聚眾猥褻兒童的，或者在公共場(chǎng)所當(dāng)眾猥褻兒童，情節(jié)惡劣的，處五年以上有期徒刑。

【相關(guān)詞匯】

矯治教育 corrective education

青少年犯罪 juvenile delinquency

刑事責(zé)任 criminal responsibility

刑事拘留 criminal detention

教育為主、懲罰為輔 education first with punishment as a supporting approach