英漢翻譯的原理與實(shí)踐Ｕnit04

Unit04

I、課外練習(xí)參考譯文：

將來水的問題會變得更加尖銳復(fù)雜。不斷增長的人口將大量增加城市廢物，主要是生活污水。另一方面，用水需求的不斷增長將使得可用于稀釋廢水的水量大大減少?？焖侔l(fā)展的工業(yè)越來越多地采用各種復(fù)雜的化學(xué)方法，從而使廢水大量增多，而很多廢水中含有種種有害的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。為了養(yǎng)活迅速增長的人口，農(nóng)業(yè)必須集約化，這就會不斷增加農(nóng)用化學(xué)品的用量。由此看來，必須立即采取果斷行動研究污染問題的整治措施。

整治污染問題的方法有兩種。第一種是通過廢物處理減少污染的危害，包括固體廢物排放“之前”的處理和液體廢物或污水的處理，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)水的循環(huán)利用或者盡量降低最終排放前的污染程度。

第二種方法是開發(fā)全部或部分廢物的經(jīng)濟(jì)利用。農(nóng)田中施用農(nóng)家肥補(bǔ)充肥分或有機(jī)肥。有些地區(qū)使用污水處理廠排放的污水進(jìn)行灌溉施肥。其他水處理廠排出的廢水也可用作補(bǔ)充水源?，F(xiàn)在，禽肉加工等許多行業(yè)正在把原先廢棄的下腳料加工成可供出售的副產(chǎn)品，其他行業(yè)也在研究廢棄物的經(jīng)濟(jì)利用可能途徑。

II、英漢翻譯原理第三講：怎樣理解原文?

【例25】 For some people hope dies slowly.

【譯文】 對有些人來說，希望不會輕易破滅。

【例26】 In planning my drive to the airport, I will factor in a cushion: to allow for the unexpected, such as heavy traffic or a flat tire.

【譯文】 我在安排開車前往機(jī)場時(shí)，總會考慮留一點(diǎn)時(shí)間，以防路上遇到交通堵塞或者輪胎漏氣等意外情況。

【例27】 The blue in his fine eyes seemed to preclude his being a Syrian, but there was an encouraging curve in his nostrils.

【譯文】 看他那雙藍(lán)眼睛，他似乎不可能是敘利亞人，但看他鼻子的曲線，卻又使人覺得他很有可能是的。

【例28】 The pace was comfortable, so I decided to stay where I was.

【譯文】 我覺得這種步速跑起來輕松，所以我就決定保持這種速度。

【例29】 He always lives ahead of his salary.

【譯文】 他總是不到發(fā)薪水的日子就把錢花完了。或：他的薪水總是不夠花。

美國語言教學(xué)家Wilga M. Rivers 說過理解中要掌握三個(gè)層次的意義，即詞語意義、語法或結(jié)構(gòu)意義以及社會和文化意義(the three levels of meaning: lexical meaning, structural or grammatical meaning, and social-cultural meaning)。

【例30】 So that's how I became just another kid in school.

【譯文】 就這樣，我成了學(xué)校里一名和其他孩子一樣的普通孩子。

【例31】 At first, they were being nice.

【譯文】 起初人們只是出于一時(shí)的好心。

【例32】 John Major faces severe social and economic problems as well as tough debate over European integration, but his top priority will be to maintain the Tories' long lease on 10 Downing Street.

【譯文】 梅杰面臨嚴(yán)重的社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)問題以及關(guān)于歐洲統(tǒng)一的艱苦辯論，但是他的當(dāng)務(wù)之急將是維系保守黨的長期執(zhí)政。

德國譯學(xué)教授Wolfram Wilss說：

Translating requires the syntactic, semantic, stylistic and text-pragmatic comprehen¬sion by the translator of the original texts.(翻譯過程要求譯者在句法、語義、文體和語篇語用各方面對原文的進(jìn)行理解。)

一、要理解原文語句的內(nèi)部關(guān)系：

【例33】 Go to hell! You report what I have done to the authorities.

×去你的吧!你去向領(lǐng)導(dǎo)匯報(bào)我對他們的不敬吧!

【譯文】 去你的吧!你去向領(lǐng)導(dǎo)匯報(bào)我的所作所為好啦!

【例34】 He ate his savoury, and hurried the maid as she swept the crumbs.

×他一邊吃著最后的一道消食小吃，一邊催促女傭人趕快打掃碎屑。

【譯文】 他吃完最后的一道消食小吃，在女傭人打掃碎屑時(shí)，催她快一點(diǎn)。

【例35】 Derek fancies himself as a ladies' man, but he spends too much time admiring himself in the mirror for my liking.

×德里克自以為是討女人喜歡的人，可是為了討我喜歡，他卻花很多時(shí)間在鏡子面前自我欣賞。

【譯文】 德里克自以為是個(gè)討女人喜歡的人，可是我不喜歡他花那么多的時(shí)間在鏡子面前自我欣賞。

III、課堂練習(xí)(以下各句的譯文在理解上都有問題。請正確理解以下各句，并指出譯文中的理解錯(cuò)誤)及參考譯文：

1.My delegation is not satisfied that the case has yet been made for convening such a broad conference.

×我方代表團(tuán)對于沒有人提出理由說明應(yīng)召開如此廣泛的會議很不滿意。

我方代表團(tuán)認(rèn)為，還沒有人提出充分理由說明應(yīng)召開如此廣泛的會議。(satisfy 說服，使確信)

2.The nationalized industries have been spoon-fed for so long that they don't care whether they give value for money, or make a profit or loss.

×國有工業(yè)長期受到優(yōu)厚待遇， 他們不在乎錢， 也不在乎盈利或虧損。

一些國有行業(yè)長期受到優(yōu)厚待遇，他們不在乎錢花得是不是值得，也不在乎盈利或虧損。

3.I was not quite sure whether they had locked the door; and when I dared move, I got up and went to see. Alas! no jail was ever more secure.

×我不敢肯定他們是不是把門鎖上了;等到我敢走動的時(shí)候，我站起身來走過去看看。天啊!沒有一所監(jiān)獄更加牢固。

我不敢肯定他們是不是把門鎖上了;等到我敢走動的時(shí)候，我站起身來走過去看看。天啊!鎖得牢牢的好象監(jiān)獄一般。

4.Very hesitatingly I selected a tube of blue paint, and with infinite precaution made a mark about as big as a bean on the snow-white field.

×我遲疑不決地選了一管藍(lán)色顏料，然后小心翼翼地畫了一筆，就像雪白的田野上的一粒蠶豆那么大小。

我遲疑不決地選了一管藍(lán)色顏料，然后非常小心翼翼地在畫布雪白的底色上點(diǎn)了豆子般大小的一點(diǎn)。

5.I agree with you that many laws are unjust, but if you make every law a matter of conscience you will end up in jail.

×我同意你的意見，很多法律是不公正的，但如果你都憑良心來制定每項(xiàng)法律的話，你最終就得坐牢。

我同意你的意見，很多法律是不公正的，但如果你對待每項(xiàng)法律都要講良心的話，你最終就得坐牢。

6.Ring farewell to the century of physics, the one to which we split the atom and turned silicon into computing power,

×向物理世紀(jì)告別吧，在這個(gè)世紀(jì)里，我們分裂了原子，把硅變?yōu)橛?jì)算機(jī)的動力。

向物理學(xué)的世紀(jì)告別吧，在這個(gè)世紀(jì)里，我們實(shí)現(xiàn)了原子的分裂，我們把硅變成了計(jì)算能力。

7.The sun sets regularly on the Union Jack these days, but never on the English language.

×現(xiàn)在太陽從英國國旗上有規(guī)則地落下，但是英語卻不是這種情況。/ 現(xiàn)在英國國旗上照到的陽光日益減少，但英語卻不是這種情況。

現(xiàn)在，英國已不再是個(gè)“日不落”的國家了，但是英語卻還是在廣泛地流行使用。(Union Jack英國國旗)

8.I hear the Hindoo teaching his favorite pupil the loves, wars, adages, transmitted safely to this day from poets who wrote three thousand years ago.

×我聽見有三千年前的詩人們書寫的、完好無損地流傳至今的、有印度教士傳授給得意門生的、有關(guān)愛情故事、戰(zhàn)爭和格言。

我聽見印度人在向他的得意門生傳授愛情故事、戰(zhàn)爭和格言，這些都是由三千年前的詩人所寫并完好地流傳至今。

IV、課外練習(xí)(正確理解下列短文，并將其譯成漢語)：

First impressions are often lasting ones. Indeed, if you play your cards right, you can enjoy the benefits of what sociologists call the "halo effect." This means that if you're viewed positively within the critical first few minutes, the person you've met will likely assume everything you do is positive.

How you move and gesture will greatly influence an interviewer's first impression of you. In a landmark study of communications, psychologists discovered that seven percent of any message about our feelings and attitudes comes from the words we use, 38 percent from our voice, and a startling 55 percent from our facial expressions. In fact, when our facial expression or tone of voice conflicts with our words, the listener will typically put more weight on the nonverbal message.

To make your first encounter a positive one, start with a firm handshake. If the interviewer doesn't initiate the gesture, offer your hand first. Whenever you have a choice of seats, select a chair beside his or her desk, as opposed to one across from it. That way there are no barriers between the two of you and the effect is somewhat less confrontational. If you must sit facing the desk, shift your chair slightly as you sit down, or angle your body in the chair so you're not directly in front of your interviewer.

Monitor your body language to make sure you don't seem too desperate for the job, or too eager to please. Keep a Poker face in business situations. Inappropriate smiling is the most common example of a nonverbal behavior that undercuts verbal messages -- making you appear weak and unassertive.

Good eye contact is also important. One study found that job applicants who make more eye contact are perceived as more alert, dependable, confident and responsible.(298 words)